Desarrollo de un modelo predictivo de las emisiones de CO2, el consumo energético y el desarrollo sostenible en India 1990-2030

Esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal analizar y comparar las fuerzas motrices que conforman las emisiones de dióxido de carbono en India, dada la especial relevancia mundial que se prevé tendrán dichas emisiones. Para ello, se han empleado distintas técnicas que se aplicarán, a modo de comparación, a los seis mayores emisores del mundo, a saber, China, los Estados Unidos de América, la Unión Europea, India, Rusia y Japón, responsables de más del 67% de las emisiones globales durante el periodo 1990-2018. El análisis se basa, por un lado, en una descomposición LMDI de una identidad Kaya ampliada, considerando cinco fuerzas motrices y, por otro lado, en un estudio de causalidad de Granger. Ambas técnicas nos permiten desentrañar la relación entre las diferentes fuerzas motrices y cómo cambian estas de un país a otro, facilitando la comprensión del caso indio. Por otra parte, se realizará una extrapolación para la India hasta 2030, dentro de unos escenarios propuestos, de las emisiones y el Producto Interior Bruto en el país para, de esta manera, poder prever el comportamiento a futuro de la intensidad energética, indicador propuesto por India para el cumplimiento de sus Compromisos en los Acuerdos de París. La principal conclusión del análisis Kaya-LMDI es que el crecimiento económico ha sido el principal motor que aumenta las emisiones de CO2 y, en mucha menor medida, el aumento en población, cosa que sucede en la mayoría de las seis economías analizadas. Por otro lado, la intensidad energética es el factor principal para reducir las emisiones de CO2. Sorprendentemente, el término de mezcla de combustible rara vez contribuye a la disminución de las emisiones, con las excepciones notables de los EEUU y la UE, lo que demuestra que el uso de energías renovables aún debe promoverse activamente. Cabe destacar el diferente comportamiento observado entre los cuatro países desarrollados y los dos países en desarrollo, que son además los de mayor población, China e India. El análisis de causalidad de Granger sugiere que la intensidad energética da lugar a causalidad de Granger con el PIB en los países desarrollados, la intensidad energética también da lugar a causalidad de Granger con las emisiones de CO2 en la mitad de los países y el PIB da lugar a causalidad de Granger con las emisiones de CO2 solo en un caso, Japón. La extrapolación de los datos, dentro de los escenarios propuestos, sugiere que el cumplimiento de la NDC india solo se puede llevar a cabo empleando todas las medidas propuestas por el país en su NDC, a saber, ampliación del uso de las energías renovables, crecimiento económico e implantación de tecnología supercrítica en el conjunto de las plantas de carbón para la generación eléctrica, con la consiguiente mejora en la eficiencia.The main objective of this thesis is to analyse and compare the driving forces that cause carbon dioxide emissions in India, given the special global relevance that these emissions are expected to have. To do this, different techniques have been used and are applied, as a matter of comparison, to the six largest emitters in the world, namely China, the United States of America, the European Union, India, Russia and Japan, responsible for more than 67% of global emissions during the period 1990-2018. The analysis is based on an LMDI decomposition procedure of an expanded Kaya identity, considering five driving forces and a Granger causality study. Both techniques allow us to unravel the relationship between the different driving forces and to know how they change from one country to another, facilitating the understanding of the Indian case. On the other hand, an extrapolation will be carried out, within some proposed scenarios, for the CO2 emissions and the Gross Domestic Product in the country, in order to be able to predict the future behaviour of energy intensity, an indicator proposed by India for the fulfilment of its Commitments in the Paris Agreements. The main conclusion of the Kaya-LMDI analysis is that economic growth has been the main driver for increasing CO2 emissions and, to a much lesser extent, population growth in most of the six economies analysed. On the other hand, energy intensity is the main factor to reduce CO2 emissions. Surprisingly, the term end-use fuel mix rarely contributes to emissions declines, showing that the use of renewable energy still needs to be actively promoted. It is worth noting the different behaviour observed between the four developed countries and the two developing ones, which are the most populated ones, China and India. Granger causality analysis suggests that energy intensity Granger causes GDP in developed countries, energy intensity also Granger also causes CO2 emissions in half of the countries, and GDP Granger causes CO2 emissions in only one case, Japan. Extrapolation of the data, within the proposed scenarios, suggests that compliance of the Indian NDC can only be achieved by employing all the measures proposed by India in its NDC, namely, renewable energy expansion, economic growth and deployment of supercritical technology in all coal plants for electricity generation, with the consequent improvement in efficiency

Is India on the right pathway to reduce CO 2 emissions? Decomposing an enlarged Kaya identity using the LMDI method for the period 1990-2016

Nowadays, India is the third-largest CO2 emitter and energy consumer in the world, and, it is soon expected to surpass China as the most populated country. Therefore, it is of great interest to analyse how India is developing its energy transition to a lower-carbon economy. This work analyses the evolution of the main driving forces of CO2 emissions in India during the period $1990-2016$ through the use of an enlarged version of the Kaya identity, which establishes a link between CO2 emissions, types of energy sources (16), size of the economic sectors (3) and value of the Gross Domestic Product. India's CO2 emissions increased by 276% in the period under study, due to the rapid economic growth of India, which has been the dominating driving force contributing to the increase in CO2 emissions by 241%, while the energy intensity has been the main one reducing them by approximately 47%. So far, the use of coal has supported the rapid economic growth and the contribution of renewable energy, although significant, is still short compared to the total amount of energy employed. Remarkably, the estimated value of the emission intensity for 2020 supposes a 26% reduction concerning the value in 2005. According to this result, India is on the right pathway to fulfill its Nationally Determined Contribution but not to reduce its net CO2 emissions

Modelo estratégico integral para la implementación del Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST).

El diplomado en Gerencia de Talento Humano que se ha escogido como tesis de pregrado Programa de Administración de Empresas en el que se propone mejorar el Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo de la empresa seleccionada para tal fin, “ SERVAGRO LTDA”, Empresa que presta servicios de Vigilancia física y electrónica en Popayán, Cauca. Este proyecto de investigación se ha venido realizando minuciosamente implantando las mejores estrategias en el área de Talento Humano de la empresa promoviendo la integridad y el compromiso social dentro y fuera de la organización, sujetos a la normatividad vigente cumpliendo a cabalidad con los objetivos de los programas propuestos del SG-SST. Entendemos que el bienestar laboral es uno de los pilares fundamentales para obtener un equipo eficiente, motivado y comprometido con la empresa organizacionalmente y para ello las herramientas organizacionales son indispensables en el éxito de la empresa. Finalmente se ha logrado cumplir con los objetivos propuestos mediante un trabajo investigativo con sentido de pertenencia y amor por la profesión.The diploma in management of human talent chosen as thesis of undergraduate business administration program which aims to improve the system of management of safety and health at work of the company selected to do so, "SERVAGRO LTDA", Company that provides physical and electronic surveillance in Popayán, Cauca. This research project is has been making meticulously implementing best practices in the area of human resources of the company promoting the integrity and social commitment inside and outside the Organization, subject to the regulations complying fully with the objectives of the proposed programs of the OSHMS. We understand that the labour welfare is one of the fundamental pillars for an efficient team, motivated and committed to the company organizationally and this organizational tools are indispensable for the success of the company. Finally have been complying with the objectives proposed by a research work with a sense of belonging and love for the profession

Sweet cherry behaviour in the climatic conditions of the Region of Murcia

[SPA] En este trabajo se expone la influencia que ejercen los patrones Adara, Mariana 2624, Mayor, MaxMa 14, Santa Lucia 64, Gisela 5, Gisela 6, Pikú 1, Pikú 3 y Pikú 4 sobre la variedad de cerezo “Newstar”, y se han evaluado 69 variedades de cerezo injertadas sobre Mariana 2624 con intermediario de Adara. Ambos ensayos se han realizado en un suelo pesado, calcáreo y con alto contenido en arcilla ubicado en el término municipal de Jumilla. Se han encontrado diferencias significativas entre patrones para parámetros como el vigor, la producción, el tamaño del fruto, el contenido en solidos solubles y la firmeza. Mariana 2624 con intermediario de Adara es el patrón recomendado para la zona de cultivo. Los patrones Gisela 5, Gisela 6, SL 64, Mayor y Pikú 1 han presentado un mayor porcentaje de mortandad, lo que hace desaconsejable su uso. Por otro lado, se han determinado aquellas 20 variedades que mejor adaptadas están a la zona del ensayo, y que podrían ser más interesantes por su productividad y calidad de fruto. Sin embargo, no se han encontrado variedades extra-tempranas que puedan ser de interés. [ENG] The influence of Adara, Mariana 2624, Mayor, MaxMa 14, Saint Lucie GF 64 (SL 64), Gisela 5, Gisela 6, Pikú 1, Pikú 3 and Pikú 4 rootstocks onto vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of “Newstar” sweet cherry cultivar was studied. Also, 69 sweet cherry cultivars grafted in Mariana 2624 with Adara, as interstock, was studied. Both trials were performed in Jumilla, on a heavy and calcareous soil. Significant differences in parameters such as vigour, yield, fruit size, soluble solids content (SSC) and fruit firmness were examined among rootstocks. Mariana 2624 with Adara, as interstock, was the rootstock with better agronomic performance. In general, Gisela 5, Gisela 6, SL 64, Mayor and Pikú 1 presented the highest mortality rate, that advice not to use in our conditions. On the other hand, the results of this investigation showed 20 cultivars that are better adapted and could be considered to introduce this crop in this area for their productivity and fruit quality. However, not early cultivars were found in our study.A los componentes del Grupo Cerezo I+D. Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto INIA RTA:2006-00057-00-00 y ha sido cofinanciado por el proyecto PO07-027. Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco de la Acción Cost FA 1104

Plate Waste Generated by Spanish Households and Out-of-Home Consumption: Results from the ANIBES Study

The authors would like to thank Coca-Cola Iberia and IPSOS for its support and technical advice, particularly Rafael Urrialde and Javier Ruiz.Food waste is a major environmental issue that must be tackled in order to achieve a sustainable food supply chain. Currently, in Spain there are no studies that examine the amounts and sources of plate waste (PW) produced by both household and out-of-home consumption. The present study aims to provide this information from a representative sample from the Spanish population. A total of 2009 individuals aged 9–75 years, from the ANIBES study (“anthropometric data, macronutrients and micronutrients intake, practice of physical activity, socioeconomic data and lifestyles in Spain”), completed a three-day dietary record, collected by a tablet device. Photographs of all foods and beverages consumed both at home and outside were taken before and after meals. Median PW across the total population was 7.3 (0.0–37.3) g/day and was significantly higher in females than males (p < 0.05) and in children vs. adolescents, adults, and elderly (p < 0.01). Regarding meals, PW across all age groups was higher at lunch (40%), dinner (27%), and breakfast (11%). The highest PW was observed for bread (25%) main courses (16%), first and second courses (15%), vegetables and fruits (12%), ready-to-eat meals (10%), cereals and grains (10%), oils and fats (10%), pulses (10%), meat products (8%), sauces and condiments (8%), and starters (8%). Our results reinforce the need for new strategies to focus on reducing plate leftovers, which are crucial from a nutritional, economic, and environmental point of view. Additionally, this evidence is important for relying on more accurate information on actual intakes when using dietary surveys.Coca-Cola IberiaSpanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN

Dietary sources and intakes of folates and vitamin B12 in the Spanish population: Findings from the ANIBES study

Background: Folates and vitamin B12 are key nutrients in one-carbon metabolism and related diseases. Updated and plausible information on population intakes and their major dietary sources is scarce and urgently needed in Spain in order to increase the knowledge that can lead as previous step to prevention by fortification and supplementation policies. Aims: The present study aims to evaluate main dietary folate and vitamin B12 sources and intakes in the Spanish population. Materials and methods: Results were derived from the ANIBES cross-sectional study using a nationally representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years, n = 2,009). Results: Food groups with the highest mean proportional contribution to total folate intakes in both males and females were vegetables (21.7–24.9%) and cereals (10.7–11.2%), while meat and meat products (26.4%) and milk and dairy products (27.3%) were for B12. Total median folate and B12 intakes amongst women were 156.3 μg/d and 4.0 μg/d while for men were 163.6 μg/d and 4.5 μg/d, respectively. In all age groups, vitamin intakes were significantly higher in plausible than in non-plausible energy reporters. Conclusion: A limited number of participants had adequate folate intakes, whereas vitamin B12 intakes were adequate for practically the entire population. There is a clear need for improving folates intake in the Spanish population.The study was financially supported by a grant from Coca-Cola Iberia through an agreement with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (Fundación Española de la Nutrición (FEN))

Active Commuting, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behaviors in Children and Adolescents from Spain: Findings from the ANIBES Study

Active commuting (AC) has been proposed as a great opportunity to increase physical activity level (PA) in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study is to determine the associations between AC (walk and cycle commuting) and non-AC (motor vehicle commuting) with PA levels, and with AC and sedentarism in Spanish children and adolescents. A representative Spanish sample of 424 children and adolescents (38% females) was involved in the ANIBES (Anthropometry, Dietary Intake and Lifestyle in Spain) Study in 2013. Data on the levels of AC, non-AC, PA, and sedentarism were obtained using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for adolescents. Stepwise backward univariate generalized linear and linear regression models were performed. In girls, walking was associated with playground PA, moderate PA, and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) (beta = 0.007, p < 0.05; both beta = 0.007, p < 0.01), respectively. In boys, walking was associated with all PA levels (p < 0.05); while cycling was related to moderate PA and MVPA (both beta = 0.007, p < 0.05). A negative significant association was observed between AC and time spent studying without Internet use in boys ( beta = -0.184, p < 0.05). Commuting by walking contributes to increased daily PA in both sexes, whereas cycling was only related to moderate PA and MVPA in boys. Sedentary behaviors are not related to AC, but studying without Internet use was negatively associated with AC in boys.The ANIBES study was financially supported by a grant from Coca-Cola Iberia through an agreement with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN)

Dietary and Lifestyle Patterns in the Spanish Pediatric Population (One to <10 Years Old): Design, Protocol, and Methodology of the EsNuPI Study

The interest in a healthy diet and lifestyle during the early stages of life increased, pointing out its role in the development of noncommunicable chronic diseases throughout adult life. Dietary habits and dietary patterns begin to be established in early childhood and persist during adulthood. Therefore, the EsNuPI (“Nutritional Study in Spanish Pediatric Population”) study aims to depict the dietary patterns, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors in Spanish children aged from one to <10 years old. This prospective, cross-sectional, observational study recruited a total of 1514 children from Spanish cities with >50,000 inhabitants, stratified by Nielsen areas. Participants were involved in one face-to-face survey, followed by a telephone survey after at least one week. Information about dietary intake and habits was obtained using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire and two 24-h dietary recalls. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors were registered using a specific questionnaire based on a seven-day record. Data were processed and stratified by categorical variables to be statistically analyzed in order to meet the study objectives. This study is the first of its kind in a Spanish reference population of this age range and the first to evaluate whether the consumption of adapted milk formulas and dairy products is associated with healthier dietary patterns and better diet quality and lifestyles in this group.This research was funded by Instituto Puleva de Nutrición (IPN)

Usual Dietary Intake, Nutritional Adequacy and Food Sources of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Vitamin D of Spanish Children Aged One to <10 Years. Findings from the EsNuPI Study

Bone problems in the population begin to be establish in childhood. The present study aims to assess the usual calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intakes, along with the food sources of these nutrients, in Spanish children participating in the EsNuPI (Estudio Nutricional en Población Infantil Española) study. Two 24 h dietary recalls were applied to 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two sub-samples: one reference sample (RS) of the general population [n = 707] and another sample which exclusively included children consuming enriched or fortified milks, here called “adapted milks” (AMS) [n = 741]. Estimation of the usual intake shows that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except vitamin D. Using as reference the Dietary Reference Values from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), calcium and magnesium intakes were found to be below the average requirement (AR) and adequate intake (AI), respectively, in a considerable percentage of children. Furthermore, phosphorus exceeded the AI in 100% of individuals and vitamin D was lower than the AI in almost all children studied. The results were very similar when considering only plausible reporters. When analyzing the food sources of the nutrients studied, milk and dairy products contributed the most to calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D. Other sources of calcium were cereals and vegetables; for phosphorus: meat, meat products, and cereals; for magnesium: cereals and fruits; and, for vitamin D: fish and eggs. These results highlight the desirability of improving the intake concerning these nutrients, which are involved in bone and metabolic health in children. The AMS group appeared to contribute better to the adequacy of those nutrients than the RS group, but both still need further improvement. Of special interest are the results of vitamin D intakes, which were significantly higher in the AMS group (although still below the AI), independent of ageThis research was funded by Instituto Puleva de Nutrición (IPN)S