Presentation

Los artículos incluidos en este número de Cuadernos Geográficos proceden del último Coloquio organizado por el Grupo de trabajo de Historia del Pensamiento Geográfico de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles

Imágenes del Paisaje

Los artículos incluidos en este número de Cuadernos Geográficos proceden del último Coloquio organizado por el Grupo de trabajo de Historia del Pensamiento Geográfico de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles

CodES: visualization tool for developing algorithmic thinking

CodES (CODificación con Entradas y Salidas) es una herramienta de visualización que basa su accionar en el artefacto más simple de análisis computacional que es el diagrama de entrada/salida, con el propósito de generar procesos de abstracción para el diseño y escritura de algoritmos, permitiendo que el estudiante centre su atención en comprender el problema a solucionar mediante sus elementos esenciales y a la vez intuir desde un inicio la interfaz computacional a construir con sus diagramas de diseño y codificación. CodES fue validado utilizando un enfoque cuantitativo, con investigación de tipo descriptiva y mediante diseño experimental con grupo de control y pos prueba, además, se utilizó una técnica paramétrica para comprobar la diferencia estadística existente entre datos obtenidos en el proceso investigativo, que junto con un test de usabilidad y una técnica de seguimiento ocular permitieron sugerir el uso de CodES en un primer curso de programación de computadoresCodES (CODification with Inputs and Outputs) is a visualization tool that bases its action on the simplest artifact of computational analysis, which is the input and output diagram, for the purpose of generating an abstraction process for algorithm design and writing, for the student to focus on first understanding the problem to be solved through its essential elements while intuiting the computational interface to be built and their respective design and coding diagrams from the outset. CodES was validated using a quantitative approach with descriptive type research and by experimental design with control group and post-test. In addition, a parametric technique was used to check the statistical difference between data obtained in the research process which together with a Usability test and an Eye-tracking technique, suggested the use of CodES in a first computer programming cours

Aprendizaje colaborativo de la escritura mediante Organización de Contenidos y Tareas

Collaborative writing scenarios involve several authors. They share and discuss their ideas about a common goal: producing a document. Research efforts in this domain suggest that we need structures to model the writing state in a comprehensive way (including contents of the document, coauthors' relationships, stages of the writing task, etc.). In this paper we propose an organization and structuring of the collaborative writing process based on topics which is the basis for a number of tools. We have applied this framework to the domain of English as a second language.En los escenarios de escritura colaborativa hay varios autores, los cuales están compartiendo y discutiendo ideas y tienen un mismo objetivo: producir un documento. Investigaciones en este campo indican que se hacen necesarias estructuras que representen y muestren el estado de la tarea de escritura en su totalidad (contenido del documento, relaciones entre los coautores, fases por las que evoluciona la tarea, etc.). En este artículo se propone una organización y estructuración del proceso de escritura colaborativa mediante temas, mostramos las herramientas y utilidades desarrolladas sobre esta estructura y las aplicamos en el campo del aprendizaje colaborativo de una segunda lengua, apoyándonos en los paradigmas de la computación ubicua y del CSCL (Computer Supported Collaborative Learning)

¿Cómo diseñar materiales multimedia en educación primaria?

Las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación están cada vez más presentes en el ámbito didáctico y se considera necesario establecer cómo se deben elaborar los materiales educativos multimedia que se adecúen lo más posible al alumnado de educación primaria. En un primer momento se realiza una revisión de las principales directrices de usabilidad, así como los principios que favorecen el aprendizaje con este tipo de materiales. Posteriormente, a partir de las aportaciones de varios autores, se concretan las pautas más adecuadas para diseñar materiales multimedia con alumnos de educación primaria. Para la obtención de estas conclusiones se han tenido en cuenta estudios recientes que han utilizado la técnica de eye tracking, la cual permite obtener datos objetivos sobre cómo se realiza el proceso de observación y comprensión de este tipo de materiales. De esta forma se concluye que si se utilizan las pautas adecuadas se favorecerá en aprendizaje del alumnado

Determination of essential biomarkers in lung cancer: a real-world data study in Spain.

Background: The survival of patients with lung cancer has substantially increased in the last decade by about 15%. This increase is, basically, due to targeted therapies available for advanced stages and the emergence of immunotherapy itself. This work aims to study the situation of biomarker testing in Spain. Patients and Methods: The Thoracic Tumours Registry (TTR) is an observational, prospective, registry-based study that included patients diagnosed with lung cancer and other thoracic tumours, from September 2016 to 2020. This TTR study was sponsored by the Spanish Lung Cancer Group (GECP) Foundation, an independent, scientific, multidisciplinary oncology society that coordinates more than 550 experts and 182 hospitals across the Spanish territory. Results: 9,239 patients diagnosed with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 2106 and 2020 were analysed. 7,467 (80.8%) were non-squamous and 1,772 (19.2%) were squamous. Tumour marker testing was performed in 85.0% of patients with non-squamous tumours vs 56.3% in those with squamous tumours (p-value <0.001). The global testing of EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 was 78.9%, 64.7%, 35.6% respectively, in non-squamous histology. PDL1 was determined globally in the same period (46.9%), although if we focus on the last 3 years it exceeds 85%. There has been a significant increase in the last few years of all determinations and there are even close to 10% of molecular determinations that do not yet have targeted drug approval but will have it in the near future. 4,115 cases had a positive result (44.5%) for either EGFR, ALK, KRAS, BRAF, ROS1, or high PDL1. Conclusions: Despite the lack of a national project and standard protocol in Spain that regulates the determination of biomarkers, the situation is similar to other European countries. Given the growing number of different determinations and their high positivity, national strategies are urgently needed to implement next-generation sequencing (NGS) in an integrated and cost-effective way in lung cancer

Determination of essential biomarkers in lung cancer : a real-world data study in Spain with demographic, clinical, epidemiological and pathological characteristics

Background The survival of patients with lung cancer has substantially increased in the last decade by about 15%. This increase is, basically, due to targeted therapies available for advanced stages and the emergence of immunotherapy itself. This work aims to study the situation of biomarker testing in Spain. Patients and methods The Thoracic Tumours Registry (TTR) is an observational, prospective, registry-based study that included patients diagnosed with lung cancer and other thoracic tumours, from September 2016 to 2020. This TTR study was sponsored by the Spanish Lung Cancer Group (GECP) Foundation, an independent, scientific, multidisciplinary oncology society that coordinates more than 550 experts and 182 hospitals across the Spanish territory. Results Nine thousand two hundred thirty-nine patients diagnosed with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 2106 and 2020 were analysed. 7,467 (80.8%) were non-squamous and 1,772 (19.2%) were squamous. Tumour marker testing was performed in 85.0% of patients with non-squamous tumours vs 56.3% in those with squamous tumours (p-value < 0.001). The global testing of EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 was 78.9, 64.7, 35.6% respectively, in non-squamous histology. PDL1 was determined globally in the same period (46.9%), although if we focus on the last 3 years it exceeds 85%. There has been a significant increase in the last few years of all determinations and there are even close to 10% of molecular determinations that do not yet have targeted drug approval but will have it in the near future. 4,115 cases had a positive result (44.5%) for either EGFR, ALK, KRAS, BRAF, ROS1, or high PDL1. Conclusions Despite the lack of a national project and standard protocol in Spain that regulates the determination of biomarkers, the situation is similar to other European countries. Given the growing number of different determinations and their high positivity, national strategies are urgently needed to implement next-generation sequencing (NGS) in an integrated and cost-effective way in lung cancer

Evolution of the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Spain between March and November 2020: SEMI-COVID national registry

Objectives: Since the results of the RECOVERY trial, WHO recommendations about the use of corticosteroids (CTs) in COVID-19 have changed. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolutive use of CTs in Spain during the pandemic to assess the potential influence of new recommendations. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was conducted on adults hospitalised due to COVID-19 in Spain who were included in the SEMI-COVID- 19 Registry from March to November 2020. Results: CTs were used in 6053 (36.21%) of the included patients. The patients were older (mean (SD)) (69.6 (14.6) vs. 66.0 (16.8) years; p < 0.001), with hypertension (57.0% vs. 47.7%; p < 0.001), obesity (26.4% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.0001), and multimorbidity prevalence (20.6% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001). These patients had higher values (mean (95% CI)) of C-reactive protein (CRP) (86 (32.7-160) vs. 49.3 (16-109) mg/dL; p < 0.001), ferritin (791 (393-1534) vs. 470 (236- 996) µg/dL; p < 0.001), D dimer (750 (430-1400) vs. 617 (345-1180) µg/dL; p < 0.001), and lower Sp02/Fi02 (266 (91.1) vs. 301 (101); p < 0.001). Since June 2020, there was an increment in the use of CTs (March vs. September; p < 0.001). Overall, 20% did not receive steroids, and 40% received less than 200 mg accumulated prednisone equivalent dose (APED). Severe patients are treated with higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%. Conclusions: Patients with greater comorbidity, severity, and inflammatory markers were those treated with CTs. In severe patients, there is a trend towards the use of higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%

Entornos de Simulación en la Educación a Distancia

El presente trabajo trata de hacer un recorrido introductorio sobre el amplio campo de aplicaciones de la Simulación. El primer paso contemplará los conceptos básicos: Sistema, Modelado y Simulación (dónde, cómo y la herramienta), para continuar con los entornos de simulación propiamente dichos en los que se estudiará, siempre de manera introductoria, los diferentes tipos y tendencias para llegar a las actuales y de interés en el marco de la Educación a Distancia, es decir, aquellos que se ejecutan en el Web con la última novedad en lenguajes de programación: JAVA