Youth Discrimination Based on Appearance

People sometimes feel that their rights have been violated or their dignity attacked in some of their social relationships. This is most often reported by young people. Young people are much more sensitive to different forms of ostracism than adults, and are particularly sensitive to attacks on their self-image: they complain more of humiliation than injustice or rights violation. Young people, particularly large girls and thin boys, believe that their physical appearance is the main reason for the ostracism that they experience. Yet young girls are more sensitive to this kind of ostracism than boys, and experiencing it reduces their chances of developing personal relationships. Racism is another form of discrimination linked to appearance. One in four young people of non-European origin declare being a victim of ill treatment due to their foreign origins. The intensity of this feeling of discrimination varies according to origin and gender.Appearance, Labelling, Youth, Racism

Studying Volcanic Plumbing Systems – Multidisciplinary Approaches to a Multifaceted Problem

Magma transport and storage beneath active volcanoes occurs in the so-called volcanic plumbing system (VPS), a network of different magmatic sheet intrusions and magma reservoirs. The complex physical and chemical processes, which occur in the volcanic plumbing system, are key parameters that control the occurrence of an eruption, as well as type and size of the eruption. It is therefore imperative to assess plumbing system processes and their dynamics. Traditionally, plumbing system research is done as a part of various scientific disciplines, each with its own research questions, methods, and terms. As a consequence, there is often little overlap and communication between the disciplines. In this chapter, we give an overview of the history of plumbing system research and outline the state of the art of the main scientific disciplines involved. We summarise the potential and limitations of each discipline and then discuss three key components to foster multidisciplinary research—namely communication, information, and education—which are essential to promote a better understanding of the complexity of volcanic plumbing systems

The effect of weak Mohr–Coulomb layers on the onset of caldera collapse - A limit analysis modelling approach

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Branco MILANOVIC, Inégalités mondiales. Le destin des classes moyennes, les ultra-riches et l’égalité des chances

Branco Milanovic a été rendu célèbre par sa « courbe de l’éléphant » qui montre l’évolution du revenu réel par fractiles de la distribution des revenus mondiaux entre la chute du mur de Berlin et la crise de 2008. Ce graphique ouvre le livre Global Inequality. A New Approach for the Age of Globalization (Harvard University Press, 2016) qui vient heureusement d’être traduit en français (avec une préface de Thomas Piketty). Cette courbe est d’abord le résultat d’un tour de force méthodologique ..

SEÑORITAS SENTADAS EN PATIO CON HELECHOS [Material gráfico]

ADQUIRIDA POR EL COLECCIONISTA EN LAS PALMAS G.C.FOTO DE DOS SEÑORITAS SENTADAS EN PATIO CON HELECHOSCopia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201

MMASTER: improved ASTER DEMs for elevation change monitoring

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) system on board the Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite has been a source of stereoscopic images covering the whole globe at 15-m resolution with consistent quality for over 16 years. The potential of these data in terms of geomorphological analysis and change detection in three dimensions is unrivaled and should be exploited more. Due to uncorrected errors in the image geometry due to sensor motion (“jitter”), however, the quality of the DEMs and orthoimages currently available is often insufficient for a number of applications, including surface change detection. We have therefore developed a series of algorithms packaged under the name MicMac ASTER (MMASTER). It is composed of a tool to compute Rational Polynomial Coefficient (RPC) models from the ASTER metadata, a method that improves the quality of the matching by identifying and correcting jitter-induced cross-track parallax errors and a correction for along-track jitter when computing differences between DEMs (either with another MMASTER DEM or with another data source). Our method outputs more precise DEMs with less unmatched areas and reduced overall noise compared to NASA’s standard AST14DMO product. The algorithms were implemented in the open source photogrammetric library and software suite MicMac. Here, we briefly examine the potential of MMASTER-produced DEMs to investigate a variety of geomorphological changes, including river erosion, seismic deformation, changes in biomass, volcanic deformation and glacier mass balance

Dynamics of dikes versus cone sheets in volcanic systems

International audienceIgneous sheet intrusions of various shapes, such as dikes and cone sheets, coexist as parts of complex volcanic plumbing systems likely fed by common sources. How they form is fundamental regarding volcanic hazards, yet no dynamic model simulates and predicts satisfactorily their diversity. Here we present scaled laboratory experiments that reproduced dikes and cone sheets under controlled conditions. Our models show that their formation is governed by a dimensionless ratio (Π1), which describes the geometry of the magma source, and a dynamic dimensionless ratio (Π2), which compares the viscous stresses in the flowing magma to the host rock strength. Plotting our experiments against these two numbers results in a phase diagram evidencing a dike and a cone sheet field, separated by a sharp transition that fits a power law. This result shows that dikes and cone sheets correspond to distinct physical regimes of magma emplacement in the crust. For a given host rock strength, cone sheets preferentially form when the source is shallow, relative to its lateral extent, orwhen the magma influx velocity (or viscosity) is high. Conversely, dikes form when the source is deep compared to its size, or when magma influx rate (or viscosity) is low. Both dikes and cone sheets may form fromthe same source, the shift fromone regime to the other being then controlled by magma dynamics, i.e., different values of Π2. The extrapolated empirical dike-to-cone sheet transition is in good agreement with the occurrence of dikes and cone sheets in various natural volcanic settings

Igneous sill and finger emplacement mechanism in shale-dominated formations: a field study at Cuesta del Chihuido, Neuquén Basin, Argentina

Seismic reflection data and field observations have revealed the presence of voluminous igneous sill complexes emplaced into organic-rich shale formations in sedimentary basins worldwide. Damage and structures associated with sills have major implications for fluid flow through basins. Constraining the distribution of these structures requires a good understanding of the sill emplacement mechanism. However, most mechanical models of sill emplacement assume elastic host behaviour, whereas shale is expected to deform inelastically. This contradiction calls for new field observations to better constrain sill emplacement mechanisms. In this paper, we report on detailed field observations of spectacularly exposed fingers and a sill emplaced in shale at Cuesta del Chihuido, in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Exceptional outcrop conditions allow detailed descriptions of both (1) the entire cross-section of the intrusions, and (2) the deformation structures accommodating intrusion propagation in the host rock. All intrusions exhibit irregular, blunt or rectangular tips. The structures accommodating the tip propagation are systematically compressional, including reverse faults, folding and imbricate thrust system. Our observations suggest that the studied intrusions have propagated by pushing the host rock ahead, as a viscous indenter. Our observations suggest that the viscous indenter model is probably a dominant mechanism of sill emplacement in shale.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

3-dimensional trapdoor structure of laccolith-induced doming and implications for laccolith emplacement, Pampa Amarilla, Mendoza Province, Argentina

Laccolith emplacement and growth are controlled by doming of overburden rocks. Understanding the mechanics and structural evolution of laccolith-induced doming is therefore essential for revealing the emplacement dynamics and growth of laccoliths. In this paper, we present a 3D reconstruction of a subsurface laccolithic intrusion through the structural reconstruction of a well-exposed dome at Pampa Amarilla, Neuquén Basin, southern Mendoza province, Argentina. The 3D reconstruction was made possible by the unique integration of surface geological data and subsurface 3D seismic and borehole data. We estimate that the Pampa Amarilla laccolith is ~400 m thick, ~3 km and 2 km long in the E-W and N-S directions, respectively. Along an E-W cross section, the laccolith exhibits a wedge shape with maximum thickness near its western edge and gradual thinning toward the east. The structure of the dome is typical of a trapdoor, with faulting along the western, northwestern and southwestern edges, and tilting of the overburden to the east. The trapdoor tilting of the laccolith's overburden was the main mechanism controlling the thickening and growth of the Pampa Amarilla laccolith, which exhibits a relatively high thickness-to-length ratio T/D ~ 0.13. Numerous laccolithic intrusions exhibit similar values of T/D, and our study suggests that faulting commonly controls emplacement of laccoliths with T/D > 0.1; conversely, our study suggests that the established mechanical models of laccolith emplacement based on elastic bending of the overburden applies only to thin laccoliths. Finally, our study highlights the necessity and value of integrating field geological measurements with subsurface 3D seismic and borehole data for structural reconstructions of subsurface laccolith intrusions.Fil: Galland, Olivier. University Of Oslo. Faculty Of Mathematics And Natural Science. Departamento Geosciences; NoruegaFil: de la Cal, Hernán. Roch S.a.; ArgentinaFil: Mescua, Jose Francisco. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Rabbel, Ole. University Of Oslo. Faculty Of Mathematics And Natural Science. Departamento Geosciences; Norueg

Multi-confocal Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy : experimental demonstration and potential applications for living cell measurements

We report, for the first time, a multi-confocal Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (mFCS) technique which allows parallel measurements at different locations, by combining a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), with an Electron Multiplying-CCD camera (EM-CCD). The SLM is used to produce a series of laser spots, while the pixels of the EM-CCD play the roles of virtual pinholes. The phase map addressed to the SLM is calculated by using the spherical wave approximation and makes it possible to produce several diffraction limited laser spots, either aligned or spread over the field of view. To attain fast enough imaging rates, the camera has been used in different acquisition modes, the fastest of which leads to a time resolution of 100 $\mu$s. We qualified the experimental set-up by using solutions of sulforhodamine G in glycerol and demonstrated that the observation volumes are similar to that of a standard confocal set-up. To demonstrate that our mFCS method is suitable for intracellular studies, experiments have been conducted on two stable cell lines: mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing eGFP-actin and H1299 cells expressing the heat shock factor fusion protein HSF1-eGFP. In the first case we could recover, by analyzing the auto-correlation curves, the diffusion constant of G-actin within the cytoplasm, although we were also sensitive to the complex network of interactions with F-actin. Concerning HSF1, we could clearly observe the modifications of the number of molecules and of the HSF1 dynamics during heat shock