Reuse of fruits and vegetables biowaste for sustainable development of natural ingredients

Considering the annual waste in the food sector that occurs throughout the value chain, it is important to establish strategic measures to reduce, value and reintroduce them into the industrial sector. Additionally, the constant search for the development of sustainable strategies to promote safe and healthy products for consumers has gained great prominence. Biowastes from fruits and vegetables present in their composition an excellent source of compounds of interest, which can be reused in different technological routes, providing added value in the industrial, socioeconomic and therapeutic sectors. In particular, the phenolic compounds present in fruit and vegetable biowastes, have bioactive and preservative characteristics that are excellent candidates for the development of natural ingredients that can be substitutes for synthetic preservatives. As the list of identified phenolic compounds is extensive and accessible, the interest in these compounds is gaining more and more prominence, since the use of ingredients of synthetic origin is being delayed by actions harmful to the health of the consumer. Phenolic compounds, in addition to having preservative capacity, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity, are also known for their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiallergic and other biological properties, which increases the interest in their use in functional and nutraceutical preparations. Based on this, this review gathers information on the impacts that the exacerbated generation of fruit and vegetable waste can generate in the environmental, economic and social sectors, as well as lists different ways of reusing these wastes, highlighting the characteristics of phenolic compounds.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/ 2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021), national funding by F.C.T. for Tatiane C.G. Oliveira PhD grant (2021.06046.BD) and for L. Barros and E. Pereira (2021.03908.CEECIND) contracts, through the institutional scientific employment program-contract. C. Caleja are grateful to the Healthy-PETFOOD (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-047073) project for her contract. The authors are also grateful to the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of by “BIOMA” for financial support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Detection of adulterations in tradictional portuguese game meat products by polymerase chain reaction technique

Authenticity assessment and fraud detection in processed meat products have becn attracting an increased attention driven by public health, economic and legal cancems, and also for religiolls reasons. Currcntly, ooe af the major issues conceming adulterations in the meat indust:ry regards the fraudulent substitution af higher commercial valued meat species by less expensive oDes [1]. The manufacture af traditional meat products is a long-established practice in the Northeast of Portugal. One of the most appreciated products is called "Alheiras", which are traditional smoked fermented sausages, mainly produced with pork and poultry meat. In addition to the two Portuguese Alheiras with Protected Geographical Indication (pGI), other types of "Alheiras" are now available in the market, including the ones produced with game meat. Due to the game meat particular taste, intense Oavour and seasonality, it generally eommands higher prices compared to other meats [1]. Sinee game meat "Alheiras" should, totally or partially, include different types of game meat, they are particularly prone to fraudulent meat substitutions

Species identification and authentication of hare (Lepus) meat by the use of the mitochondrial cytb gene

Nowadays, consumers are increasingly concerned with issues of food safety and authenticity. In particular, game meat has been much appreciated by consumers for their exotic flavour and texture, low in fat and cholesterol as well as by the absence of steroids or other drugs. Food authenticity assessment is important in that it avoids unfair competition among producers and allows consumers to have accurate information about the products they purchase. Therefore, it is important to ensure that species of high commercial value declared are not replaced by other species of lesser value [I]

tri-n-butyltin hydride-mediated radical reaction of a 2-iodobenzamide: Formation of an unexpected carbon-tin bond

Leonardo S. Santos. Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, P.O. Box 747, Talca - Chile.The tri-n-butyltin hydride-mediated reaction of methyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-O-trans-cinnamyl -6-deoxy-6-(2-iodobenzoylamino)-a-D-galactopyranoside afforded an unexpected aryltributyltin compound. The structure of this new tetraorganotin(IV) product has been elucidated by 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy, COSY and HMQC experiments and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The formation of this new compound via a radical coupling reaction and a radical addition-elimination process is discusse

Evaluation of the multispecies coalescent method to explore intra-Trypanosoma cruzi i relationships and genetic diversity

Chagas Disease is a zoonosis caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Several high-resolution markers have subdivided T. cruzi taxon into at least seven lineages or Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) (TcI-TcVI and TcBat). Trypanosoma cruzi I is the most diverse and geographically widespread DTU. Recently a TcI genotype related to domestic cycles was proposed and named as TcIDOM. Herein, we combined traditional markers and housekeeping genes and applied a Multispecies Coalescent method to explore intra-TcI relationships, lineage boundaries and genetic diversity in a random set of isolates and DNA sequences retrieved from Genbank from different countries in the Americas. We found further evidence supporting TcIDOM as an independent and emerging genotype of TcI at least in Colombia and Venezuela. We also found evidence of high phylogenetic incongruence between parasite's gene trees (including introgression) and embedded species trees, and a lack of genetic structure among geography and hosts, illustrating the complex dynamics and epidemiology of TcI across the Americas. These findings provide novel insights into T. cruzi systematics and epidemiology and support the need to assess parasite diversity and lineage boundaries through hypothesis testing using different approaches to those traditionally employed, including the Bayesian Multispecies coalescent method. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

The anisotropic Ashkin-Teller model: a renormalization group study

The two-dimensional ferromagnetic anisotropic Ashkin-Teller model is investigated through a real-space renormalization-group approach. The critical frontier, separating five distinct phases, recover all the known exacts results for the square lattice. The correlation length $(\nu_T)$ and crossover $(\phi)$ critical exponents are also calculated. With the only exception of the four-state Potts critical point, the entire phase diagram belongs to the Ising universality class.Comment: 3 ps figures, accepted for publication in Physica

Multiple inlet sudden expansion flow of power-law fluids

The flow of power-law fluids through two-dimensional planar sudden expansion geometries with multiple inlets was simulated numerically using an in-house finite volume code. The fluids are modelled using the power-law model, and a range of power-law index values (0.4 ≤ n ≤ 1.4) was investigated to cover shear-thinning, Newtonian and shear-thickening inelastic behaviour. The effect of the generalised Reynolds number and the spacing between inlets on the flow behaviour and stability was analysed. The main characteristics of the vortices formed near the wall are similar to those found in single inlet sudden expansions, with symmetric wall vortices forming at low Reynolds numbers, with transitions to steady asymmetric, third eddy flow regimes and time-dependent flow at higher generalised Reynolds numbers. In some cases, the steady asymmetric and third eddy regimes are absent and the flow transitions directly from symmetric flow to time dependent flow (as seen for the geometry with the largest spacing). The stabilising nature of shear-thinning behaviour was observed and the opposite effect was seen for shear-thickening behaviour. In addition, intermediate vortices were seen to form between inlets which grow in size within the symmetric regime as the generalised Reynolds number is increased. New scalings which help collapse the data are introduced and a strong effect of inlet spacing on all flow transitions is shown, with the ratio of the wall distance to inlet height being a determining factor on the corner vortices length when the spacing between inlets is sufficiently large

Biological activities and chemical constituents of Araucaria angustifolia: An effort to recover a species threatened by extinction

Background: Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (A. brasiliensis), known as Paraná pine, is the sole native gymnosperm of the Atlantic forest in Brazil and has great economic, cultural and social importance. Its seed, known as pinhão, has been consumed since prehistoric times. Besides the nutritional aspects, different parts of A. angustifolia are also used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, respiratory infections, fatigue, anemia, among other disorders. Timber exploration has dramatically reduced the species population, and currently, A. angustifolia is classified as vulnerable regarding the risk of extinction. Scope and Approach: This review presents the most recently uncovered details about the chemical composition of the various parts of the plant. Emphasis is given to the main isolated and identified compounds or fractions and their corresponding bioactivities. Key Findings and Conclusions:.Apart from the nutritional properties of the pinhão, particularly as a starch source, this review reveals that a number of biological activities have been found in different parts of A. angustifolia (leaves, bark and pinhão coat), such as protection against DNA UV-induced damage, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiviral and digestive enzyme inhibiting activities. Further investigations should include parts of A. angustifolia that are currently discarded, such as the bark, bracts and the pinhão coat, with potential for use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Studies on A. angustifolia must combine two important elements: the need for preservation of a typical ecosystem and the implementation of the A. angustifolia forests as a true economic alternative for local residents.The authors thank the Fundação Araucária for funding this study. R.F. Oliveira, R.C.G. Correa, L. Bertonha and V.G. Correa thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES) for the financial support provided for their post-graduate studies in Universidade Estadual de Maringá. R.M. Peralta and A. Bracht are research grant recipients of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologia (CNPq)

Exploring the bioactive compounds from berry biowaste: Eugenia involucrata DC. as a study case

Aiming at valorising the Eugenia involucrata residue, the present work aimed in investigating the chemical profile and in vitro bioactivities of the residue (EIR) and its individual parts, i.e., seeds (EIS) and peels (EIP). Chromatographic analyses showed that EIP had the highest content of organic acids, tocopherols, and anthocyanins, whereas EIS was the richest in hydrolysable tannins. bis-HHDP-glucoside isomers and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside were the main detected phenolic compounds. By the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay, the samples showed similar. antioxidant potential with 71%, 77%, and 80% inhibition for EIP, EIR, and EIS, respectively, while EIS demonstrated the best antioxidant activity by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, IC50 = 4.96 mu g/mL) and oxidative inhibition assay (OxHLIA, IC50 = 40 mu g/mL). The samples were able to inhibit the growth of seven bacteria and two fungi. Between the microorganisms tested, all samples showed a strong antibacterial activity (MIC = 0.156 mg/mL) against Yersinia enterocolitica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 0.156-0.625 mg/mL). Moreover, they also display a high antifungal activity against Arpergillus brasiliensis (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). Furthermore, only EIR and EIS had anti-inflammatory effect via NO production inhibition (IC50 = 168-259 mu g/mL, respectively) and anti-proliferative activity towards four tumour and one non-tumour cell lines. These findings suggest that the biowaste generated during the processing of E. involucrata fruit has potential as a source of bioactive compounds.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 and UIDP/00690/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2020) . To the "La Caixa" Foundation and to FCT for the financial support through the mobilizing Project "Aquae Vitae - Thermal water as a source of life and health", "PROMOVE - O futuro do Interior" call 2020. To FCT for the contracts of J. Pinela (CEECIND/01011/2018) , R.C. Calhelha and L. Barros (CEEC Institutional) , and the PhD grants of B.R. Albuquerque (SFRH/BD/136370/2018 and COVID/BD/152908/2022) . To the MICINN for the Juan de la Cierva Formacion contract for T.C.S.P. Pires (FJC20120- 045405-I) . R.C.G. Correa is a research grant recipient of Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology, and Innovation (ICETI) .info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio