Prevenção do HIV sob o olhar de mulheres indígenas potiguaras*

Objective: to analyze the way in which the prevention of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is configured under the view of women from the Potiguara ethnic group. Method: a qualitative study involving 256 women from three indigenous villages in Paraíba-Brazil The information was collected in 2015, through the Free Word Association Test and semi-structured interviews. The corpus was analyzed from the Descending Hierarchical Classification, Content Analysis, and Similitude Analysis. Results: three classes of content related to HIV prevention were identified: “Vulnerability to HIV infection”; “Protective measures”; and “Need for health education”. The word “condom” occupied the central position in the similarity analysis. Conclusion: although they recognize the means for preventing HIV, it is difficult to perform protected sexual practices. Such condition is crossed by social and gender inequalities, which extend to the reality of non-indigenous women.Objetivo: analisar o modo como a prevenção da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) se configura sob o olhar de mulheres da etnia potiguara. Método: estudo qualitativo, que envolveu 256 mulheres, procedentes de três aldeias indígenas da Paraíba-Brasil. As informações foram coletadas em 2015, por meio do Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras e entrevista semiestruturada. O corpus foi analisado a partir da Classificação Hierárquica Descendente, Análise de Conteúdo e Análise de Similitude. Resultados: foram identificadas três classes de conteúdos relacionados à prevenção do HIV: “Vulnerabilidade à infecção pelo HIV”; “Medidas protetivas”; e “Necessidade de educação em saúde”. A palavra “preservativo” ocupou a posição central na análise de similitude. Conclusão: embora reconheçam os meios de prevenção do HIV, há dificuldade para exercitar práticas sexuais protegidas. Tal condição é atravessada pelas desigualdades social e de gênero, extensivas à realidade das mulheres não indígenas

Disinfection with sodium hypochlorite in hospital environmental surfaces in the reduction of contamination and infection prevention: a systematic review

OBJETIVOBuscar evidencias acerca de la eficiencia del hipoclorito de sodio en superficies ambientales en la reducción de contaminación y prevención de infección asociada con la asistencia a la salud-IRAS.MÉTODORevisión sistemática en conformidad con la Colaboración Cochrane. Resultados: Se analizaron 14 estudios, todos experimentales controlados, publicados entre 1989-2013. La mayoría resultó en inhibición de crecimiento microbiano. Algunos presentaron reducción de infección, de la resistencia microbiana y la colonización, pérdida de eficiencia en la presencia de suciedad y virus secos rehidratados.CONCLUSIÓNEl hipoclorito constituye desinfectante efectivo. Sin embargo, persiste el tema de la relación directa con la reducción de IRAS. La ausencia de control de variables de confusión en los estudios analizados imposibilitó el metanálisis. No fue posible la evaluación de validez interna por los CONSORT y TREND, pues sus contenidos no se mostraron apropiados para las investigaciones llevadas a cabo, tanto de laboratorio como microbiológicas. En virtud de eso, urge la necesidad de desarrollo de protocolo específico a fin de evaluar los estudios de esa naturaleza.OBJETIVOBuscar evidências sobre a eficiência do hipoclorito de sódio em superfícies ambientais na redução de contaminação e prevenção de infecção associada à assistência à saúde-IRAS.MÉTODORevisão sistemática em conformidade com a Colaboração Cochrane.RESULTADOSForam analisados 14 estudos, todos experimentais controlados, publicados entre 1989-2013. A maioria resultou em inibição de crescimento microbiano. Alguns apresentaram redução de infecção, da resistência microbiana e da colonização, perda de eficiência na presença de sujidade e vírus secos reidratados.CONCLUSÃOO hipoclorito constitui desinfetante efetivo, todavia persiste a questão da relação direta com a redução de IRAS. A ausência de controle de variáveis de confusão nos estudos analisados impossibilitou a metanálise. Não foi possível avaliação de validade interna pelos CONSORT e TREND, pois seus conteúdos não se mostraram apropriados às investigações realizadas, laboratorial e microbiológica. Em razão disso, urge a necessidade de desenvolvimento de protocolo específico para avaliação de estudos dessa natureza.OBJECTIVETo search for evidence of the efficiency of sodium hypochlorite on environmental surfaces in reducing contamination and prevention of healthcare-associated infection HAIs.METHODSystematic review in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration.RESULTSWe analyzed 14 studies, all controlled trials, published between 1989-2013. Most studies resulted in inhibition of microorganism growth. Some decreased infection, microorganism resistance and colonization, loss of efficiency in the presence of dirty and surface-dried viruses.CONCLUSIONThe hypochlorite is an effective disinfectant, however, the issue of the direct relation with the reduction of HAIs remains. The absence of control for confounding variables in the analyzed studies made the meta-analysis performance inadequate. The evaluation of internal validity using CONSORT and TREND was not possible because its contents were not appropriate to laboratory and microbiological studies. As a result, there is an urgent need for developing specific protocol for evaluating such studies

El rito de iniciación de las novatadas universitarias en la ciudad de Soria

Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue profundizar en el conocimiento del fenómeno de las novatadas en el contexto universitario soriano, analizándolo con perspectiva de género. Métodos. Se aplicó una encuesta al estudiantado de la Universidad de Valladolid (Campus de Soria), con una muestra estadísticamente significativa. Para el análisis se utilizó la estadística descriptiva con porcentajes generales y desagregados por género (utilizando como indicador la brecha de género). Resultados. Los resultados parecen mostrar que, en el contexto soriano, las novatadas no son, de forma general, un fenómeno de vulneración de derechos para el estudiantado. Están valoradas positivamente sobre todo porque permite conocer compañeros/as y la mayoría apoya su persistencia. No obstante, el presente estudio no puede obviar que, aunque se trata de una proporción de estudiantes muy pequeña, hay quienes se han sentido incómodos/as, obligados/as, etc., durante el desarrollo de las novatadas. Asimismo, se encuentran diferencias en función del género que visibilizan el sexismo existente en la sociedad. Conclusiones. Es fundamental ahondar en los discursos de quienes se han sentido violentados/as mediante técnicas cualitativas de investigación. Se recomienda plantear alternativas seguras, como jornadas de bienvenida o actividades de integración

Comparação da prova de função pulmonar e da força muscular respiratória entre idosas osteoporóticas com e sem fratura vertebral torácica = Comparation of pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength among older osteoporotic women with and without thoracic vertebral fracture

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone mass, resulting in fractures, which may occur in the thoracic vertebrae, causing changes in respiratory mechanics, impairing lung function. Objectives: To compare the spirometric, respiratory muscle strength and angle of thoracic kyphosis among elderly osteoporotic vertebral fractures with and without chest. Methods: The sample was divided into group A, elderly women with thoracic vertebral fracture (n = 5) and group B, older chest without vertebral fracture (n = 7). All were assessed by spirometry, manometer, and anthropometric measurements of the thoracic curvature. Results: The results showed an increase in thoracic curvature and a decrease in lung function in Group A compared with Group B and respiratory muscle strength deficit in Group A. Conclusion: The thoracic kyphosis deformity, caused by osteoporotic fractures, affects both the respiratory and musculoskeletal system

Morphometric and Vascular Analyses and MMP-2 Expression in Bladders of Animals with Bovine Enzootic Haematuria

Background: Bovine enzootic haematuria is a chronic, non-infectious disease caused by the ingestion of bracken Pteridium aquilinum that contain ptaquiloside, substance responsible for the development of neoplasms in combination with bovine papillomavirus infection. Studies examining metalloproteinases have shown that these enzymes may be useful as prognostic markers and many studies have correlated the intratumoural microvessel density and incidence of metastasis in a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the urothelial morphology and vasculature and quantify the expression of the enzyme metalloproteinase-2 in the bladder lesions of bovine with enzootic haematuria.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty bladders with macroscopic lesions were subjected to routine histological processing. The material was stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin staining methods. The morphometric analysis included the measurement of the total thickness of the urothelium. Microscopically, the lesions were differentiated as neoplastic or non-neoplastic, and the vascular changes were characterised as vascular proliferation, ectasia, dilation and thickening and the material stained using the Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin method was used to evaluate sclerosis and the vascular fibroelastosis. The metalloproteinase expression was evaluated using an anti-metalloproteinase-2 antibody. The main non-neoplastic lesions found in the urothelium included clear cell metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, haemorrhage, cystitis cystica and Brunn's nests and the neoplastic lesions were haemangioma, myxoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, in situ carcinoma and haemangiosarcoma. The urothelium measurements revealed differences between the epithelial thicknesses of bladders with and without neoplasms. The bladder vasculature evaluation revealed the frequent occurrence of different pathological aspects, such as vascular proliferation, dilation, expansion, ectasia and thickening; more severe vascular proliferation, thickening and fibroelastosis were observed in bladders with neoplasms. Metalloproteinase-2 expression was observed in the epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells present in the tumour tissue and was a significant increase in the expression of MMP-2 in the neoplasms of mesenchymal origin compared to the neoplasms of epithelial origin.Discussion: The presence of a large variety of non-neoplastic lesions indicates the possibility that there are other factors concomitant to BEH involved. Epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, for example, could be the result of damage caused by bovine papillomavirus type 2 or even an altered urine pH. Furthermore, it is believed that the bladder has the capacity to generate various types of neoplasms due to the different histological components of the bladder, thus enabling it to generate both mesenchymal and epithelial lesions. The thickness of the urothelium was greater in all the quadrants with neoplasms compared to the quadrants without neoplasms. These data revealed that it is possible to use less invasive diagnostic imaging methods to characterise bovine enzootic haematuria and to measure tumour progression based on the severity of vascular changes. The vascular proliferation and thickening were significant in bladders with neoplasms, which may be explained by the fact that tumours require an extensive vascular supply. In addition, many tumours release vascular growth factors and promote neovascularisation. The intensity of the immunostaining of metalloproteinase-2 differed among the different types of neoplasms. However, due to the diversity of the tumours, it was not possible to establish a relationship between metalloproteinase-2 expression and tumour progression

O enfermeiro na prevenção de infecção no cateter central de inserção periférica no neonato

Introduction: As the Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) is the first choice of prolonged vascular access in preterm infants, to recognize the risk factors for infection related to its use contributes to the establishment of procedures that qualify care. Objective: To evaluate the production of knowledge available in the literature about the work of nurses in the prevention of infection related to PICC. Method: An integrative literature review according to Ganong’s assumptions, was performed in the SciELO, LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE and PubMed databases. Data collection took place in October 2017, including original articles made available in full from 2001. Results were organized using Bardin’s content analysis. Results: Only eleven articles met the inclusion criteria and four thematic categories emerged: 1) Theoretical and practical knowledge assessment of the nurse to prevent infection in the insertion and maintenance of PICC, 2) Permanent education of the nursing team, 3) Implementation and use of protocols, and 4) Constant monitoring of quality indicators. Conclusions: The present work, through the analysis of the collected studies, signals the need to create institutional protocols, training and permanent and continuing education, to use de indicators in the prevention of infection, aiming at patient care and safety and, consequently, resulting in lower incidence of bloodstream infections through the use of PICC.Introdução: Como o cateter central de inserção periférica (PICC) é a primeira escolha de acesso vascular prolongado em neonatos, reconhecer os fatores de risco associados a infecções relacionadas ao seu uso contribui para estabelecer critérios de manuseio e manutenção do dispositivo que qualifiquem a assistência do enfermeiro e de sua equipe. Objetivo: Avaliar a produção do conhecimento científico na literatura acerca da atuação do enfermeiro na prevenção de infecção de corrente sanguínea pelo uso do PICC. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura seguindo os pressupostos de Ganong, nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE e PubMed. A coleta de dados ocorreu em outubro de 2017, incluindo artigos disponibilizados na íntegra a partir de agosto de 2001 a outubro de 2017. Para a organização dos resultados, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Onze artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão, emergindo quatro categorias temáticas: 1) Conhecimento teórico-prático do enfermeiro para prevenção de infecção na inserção e manutenção do PICC, 2) Educação permanente da equipe de enfermagem, 3) Implantação e utilização de protocolos e 4) Vigilância constante de indicadores de qualidade. Conclusões: O presente trabalho observou o despreparo do profissional da enfermagem quanto ao dispositivo PICC e demonstrou a necessidade de elaboração de protocolos institucionais, treinamento e educação continuada permanente e o uso de indicadores, direcionados às medidas preventivas contra a infecção do PICC. Essas medidas visam melhorar a qualidade da assistência e segurança do paciente e consequentemente, resultar em menor incidência de infecções de corrente sanguínea pelo uso do PICC

INFLUÊNCIA DO ENRIQUECIMENTO AMBIENTAL NOS PADRÕES DE COMPORTAMENTOS SOCIAIS E ANORMAIS DE CABRAS EM CONFINAMENTO

A partir do processo de domesticação as cabras foram retiradas do seu ambiente natural e inseridas em um ambiente empobrecido em estímulos. O problema é que, em função do confinamento inadequado, os animais deixam de realizar comportamentos típicos da espécie e passam a desenvolver comportamentos anormais. Na tentativa de minimizar esses comportamentos, têm-se utilizado a técnica denominada enriquecimento ambiental. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar, analisar e descrever os comportamentos sociais agonísticos e anormais de cabras confinadas com e sem o uso de enriquecimentos ambientais, relacionando-os ao ganho de peso. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, utilizaram-se 20 cabras mestiças (Saanen x Boer), igualmente divididas em duas baias, sendo a baia controle (Trat 1) tratada conforme a rotina do setor e a baia de enriquecimento (Trat 2) submetida à técnica de enriquecimento ambiental. Realizaram-se observações do tipo focal, perfazendo um total de 216 horas. Verificou-se que as médias de frequência dos comportamentos em cada tratamento diferiram entre si, sendo que na baia de enriquecimento ambiental os animais exibiram menor frequência de comportamentos sociais agonísticos e anormais em relação à baia controle. Conclui-se que o enriquecimento ambiental influenciou de forma positiva no comportamento anormal e social das cabras estudadas

Indicadores de desempenho sobre uso de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica: construção e validação

The study aims to contribute to hospital infection control practices by the development and validation of performance indicators to evaluate the use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Using a methodology for drawing up measures to evaluate health practices, one basic and five secondary indicators were constructed and submitted to content validation through attributes of operational manual, representativeness and applicability by technical consensus of specialists. All indicators got consensus, although one attribute of applicability of the basic indicator and the secondary indicators were questioned by the specialists. The suggestions of the experts, however, allowed adjustments and therefore validation. Given that different types of evaluation of clinical practices have been built, but not always substantiated and validated, it is believed that methods of construction and validation like in this study are its greatest contribution.O estudo pretende contribuir com práticas de controle de infecção hospitalar, pela elaboração e validação de indicadores de avaliação de desempenho do uso de antibioticoprofilaxia cirúrgica. Por meio de metodologia de elaboração de medidas de avaliação em saúde, foram construídos um indicador básico e cinco secundários, submetidos à validação de construto operacional, representatividade e aplicabilidade, por meio de técnica de consenso de especialistas. Todos os indicadores obtiveram consenso nos atributos dos construtos operacionais e de representatividade. Quanto à aplicabilidade, o indicador básico não obteve consenso somente para o atributo de acessibilidade, e os secundários para o de contextualização. As sugestões dos especialistas, contudo, permitiram ajustes e, portanto, validação. Tendo em vista que diversos tipos de avaliação de práticas assistenciais têm sido construídos,  embora nem sempre sejam fundamentados e validados, acreditase que os modos de construção e validação utilizados neste estudo constituem a sua maior contribuição

Testis and brown adipose tissue xenografts from yellowish myotis (Myotis levis)

Yellowish myotis present a seasonal reproduction, influenced by rainfall distribution, in which the testis mass, germ cell composition, and brown adipose tissue (B.A.T.) mass change along the reproductive stages. In the present study, tissue xenografts were performed in immunodeficient mice to investigate spermatogenesis development in a stable endocrine milieu and the possible androgenic role of B.A.T. In this study, 41 adult male bats were captured in the Santuário do Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The gonads and B.A.T. were collected, weighed, and grafted under the mice's back skin. Mice biometric and hormonal data were evaluated after grafting, and the testis grafts and mice gonads were fixed for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. As a result, testis grafts from adult bats presented a continuous germ cell development in all reproductive stages, showing round spermatids in all testis tissues. Furthermore, testis fragments in the Rest stage presented elongating spermatids as the most advanced germ cell type in the seminiferous epithelium after 7 months of grafting. These data indicated that yellowish myotis spermatogenesis could be continued (presenting a constant spermatogonial differentiation) in a stable endocrine milieu, as found in mice. In addition, the best spermatogenic development was achieved when testis fragments were transplanted at their lowest activity (Rest stage). Regarding the B.A.T. grafts, the adipose tissue consumption by mice increased seminal vesicle mass and testosterone serum levels. This data proves that B.A.T. is related to testosterone synthesis, which may be critical in stimulating the differentiation of spermatogonia in yellowish myotis

The effects on mucociliary clearance of prednisone associated with bronchial section

OBJECTIVE: Infections have been and remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Because mucociliary clearance plays an important role in human defense mechanisms, the influence of drugs on the mucociliary epithelium of patients undergoing lung transplantation must be examined. Prednisone is the most important corticosteroid used after lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bronchial transection and prednisone therapy on mucociliary clearance. METHODS: A total of 120 rats were assigned to 4 groups according to surgical procedure or drug therapy: prednisone therapy (1.25 mg/kg/day); bronchial section and anastomosis + prednisone therapy (1.25 mg/kg/day); bronchial section + saline solution (2 ml/day); and saline solution (2 ml/day). After 7, 15, or 30 days, the animals were sacrificed, and the lungs were removed from the thoracic cavity. The in situ mucociliary transport velocity, ciliary beat frequency and in vitro mucus transportability were evaluated. RESULTS: Animals undergoing bronchial section surgery and anastomosis had a significant decrease in the ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary transport velocity 7 and 15 days after surgery (p<0.001). These parameters were normalized 30 days after the surgical procedure. Prednisone improved mucous transportability in the animals undergoing bronchial section and anastomosis at 15 and 30 days (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Bronchial section and anastomosis decrease mucociliary clearance in the early postoperative period. Prednisone therapy improves mucus transportability in animals undergoing bronchial section and anastomosis.Heart Institute, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilHeart Institute, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazi