ACHADOS OCULARES PÓS VACINAÇÃO DA COVID-19: uma revisão de literatura

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020, has had serious global consequences since its inception, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Faced with the limitation of long-term social distancing measures, there was a global mobilization to develop vaccines against SARS-COV-2. In this way, vaccines have been an ally in preventing and reducing health complications among the world's population. Furthermore, despite the benefits of the vaccine outweighing the possible risks, ocular manifestations secondary to the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine have been noted. The aim of this study is therefore to analyze the ocular findings following the Covid-19 vaccine, demonstrating the relationship between the vaccine and the appearance of ocular manifestations in previously healthy people and the worsening of comorbidities in the population with previous ocular pathologies. The research was carried out through an integrative literature review, based on searches in the databases Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), the National Library of Medicine of the United States of America (MEDLINE), the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and the Electronic Scientific Library Online (SciELO), using the descriptors "Signs and Symptoms" "Ophthalmopathies", "Ocular Manifestations" and "Covid-19 Vaccines". We considered articles available between 2019 and 2023, in English and Portuguese, which addressed the proposed theme and met all the inclusion criteria. Duplicate articles, those not available in full and those that met the other exclusion criteria were discarded. As a result, ocular adverse events such as conjunctivitis, scleritis, cranial nerve palsy, orbital inflammatory disease, herpetic eye disease, retinal vascular occlusion and posterior segment diseases were observed. The vaccine was also found to have an effect on patients with previous ocular pathologies, aggravating them. It was concluded from the study that post- immunization ocular reactions can occur, but the incidence rate is quite low and self-limiting. Although rare, it is important for health professionals to be aware of and alert to possible ocular findings following administration of the Covid-19 vaccine.A pandemia da COVID-19, iniciada no ano de 2020, ocasionou consequências globais graves desde o seu início, repercutindo em alta morbimortalidade. Diante da limitação das medidas de distanciamento social a longo prazo, houve uma mobilização em escala global para o desenvolvimento de vacinas contra o SARS-COV-2. Desse modo, as vacinas foram um aliado na prevenção e redução das complicações na saúde da população mundial. Ademais, apesar dos benefícios da vacina superarem os possíveis riscos, foram notadas manifestações oculares secundárias à administração da vacina contra a Covid-19. Desa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os achados oculares pós vacina da Covid-19, demonstrando a relação entre a vacina e o surgimento de manifestações oculares em pessoas previamente hígidas e a piora de comorbidades na população com patologias oculares prévias. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, a partir de buscas nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos da América (MEDLINE), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Biblioteca Eletrônica Científica Online (SciELO), por meio dos descritores “Sinais e Sintomas” “Oftalmopatias”, “Manifestações Oculares” e “Vacinas contra Covid-19”. Foram considerados artigos disponibilizados entre os anos de 2019 e 2023, nos idiomas inglês e português, que abordassem a temática proposta e preenchessem todos os critérios de inclusão. Foram descartados artigos duplicados, não disponibilizados na íntegra e que preenchiam os demais critérios de exclusão. Como resultado, foi observado a ocorrência dos eventos adversos oculares, como conjuntivite, esclerite, paralisia de nervos cranianos, doença inflamatória orbitária, doença ocular herpética, oclusão vascular da retina e doenças do segmento posterior. Foi constatado que a vacina também teve efeito sobre pacientes com oftalmopatias prévias, de modo a agravá-las. Concluiu- se, a partir do estudo, que as reações oculares pós-imunização, podem ocorrer, porém a taxa de incidência é bastante baixa e autolimitada. Ainda que raras, é importante que os profissionais da saúde estejam cientes e em alerta em relação aos possíveis achados oculares após a administração da vacina da Covid-19

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

ABORDAGENS ABERTAS E LAPAROSCÓPICA PARA REPARO DE HÉRNIA INGUINAL: UMA REVISÃO ABRANGENTE.

An inguinal hernia is a protrusion of an intestinal loop or, more rarely, some other abdominal viscera, due to an alteration in the fascia of the abdominal wall. The clinical manifestations can vary from an asymptomatic condition to signs of peritonitis secondary to intestinal strangulation in more serious cases. There are a number of factors involved in the choice of treatment: age, type of hernia and associated symptoms. In view of this, the aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of open and laparoscopic techniques for repairing inguinal hernias. An integrative review of the current literature was carried out by searching the SciELO, PubMed and BVS databases.  The descriptors used to find the related studies were "Inguinal hernia" and "Surgical management". As a result, it was observed that the Lichtenstein technique is still the most widely adopted and consists of an inguinotomy, using polypropylene mesh sutured over the transverse fascia. While the laparoscopic approach to inguinal hernias is a minimally invasive surgery and has been the technique of choice for some surgeons due to the overwhelmingly positive results.A hérnia inguinal se trata de uma protusão de uma alça intestinal ou, de modo mais raro, de alguma outra víscera abdominal, decorrente de uma alteração na fáscia da parede abdominal. As manifestações clínicas podem variar de um quadro assintomático até sinais de peritonite secundária ao estrangulamento intestinal, em casos mais graves. Para a escolha do tratamento, existem alguns fatores envolvidos: idade, tipo de hérnia e sintomas associados. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi abordar, de modo abrangente, as técnicas abertas e laparoscópicas de reparo da hérnia inguinal. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura atual por meio de buscas das bases de dado SciELO, PubMed e BVS.  Os descritores utilizados para encontrar os estudos relacionados foram “Hérnia inguinal” e “Manejo Cirúrgico”. Como resultado, foi observado que A técnica de Lichtenstein ainda é a mais adotada e consiste em uma inguinotomia, com uso de tela de polipropileno suturada sobre a fáscia transversal. Enquanto a abordagem laparoscópica das hérnias inguinais é uma cirurgia minimamente invasiva e tem sido a técnica de escolha por alguns cirurgiões diande dos resultados marjoritariamente positivos

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe