Variações metabólicas e endócrinas de cachaços híbridos (Landrace x Large White) durante o primeiro ano de vida e sua relação com o estabelecimento da puberdade

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar variações em parâmetros metabólicos e endócrinos de suínos machos durante o primeiro ano de vida e sua relação com a puberdade. Foram utilizados seis suínos acompanhados, de 22 a 360 dias de idade, com pesagens corporais e coletas de sangue a cada sete dias para avaliação dos níveis séricos de glicose, insulina, colesterol, albumina, ureia, cálcio, fósforo, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutariltransferase (GGT), ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA) e testosterona. A partir do ganho de peso e níveis de testosterona foram estabelecidos três períodos: pré-puberdade (1-5 meses de idade); puberdade (6-9 meses de idade); pós-puberdade (10-12 meses de idade), em que os níveis de testosterona foram de 0,6 ± 0,1 ng/mL, 1,8 ± 0,2 ng/mL e 1,8 ± 0,2 ng/mL, respectivamente (P < 0,0001). Foi observada correlação positiva entre a testosterona e níveis de albumina, idade e peso corporal, e correlação negativa entre testosterona e os níveis de cálcio, GGT e glicose. Os níveis de glicose diminuíram ao longo do desenvolvimento (P < 0,0001), e os níveis de NEFA foram maiores em pré-púberes (P = 0,01). A enzima GGT teve diminuição dos seus níveis a partir da puberdade (P < 0,0001), e a AST teve seus menores níveis na puberdade (P = 0,0003). A albumina apresentou maiores níveis durante a puberdade (P < 0,0001) e a ureia no período pós-puberdade (P < 0,0001). Os níveis de cálcio e fósforo apresentaram menores níveis no período pós-puberdade (P<0,0001). Assim, a puberdade representa um período de flutuação nos níveis de marcadores metabólicos de suínos machos híbridos, devido ao efeito da testosterona sobre o metabolismo energético, proteico e mineral.The present study aimed to determine changes in endocrine and metabolic parameters in male pigs during the first year of life and its relation with the puberty. Six male pigs of 22 at 360 days of age were used in this study. Body weights and blood collection were performed every seven days for evaluation of serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol, albumin, urea, calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and testosterone. From the weight gain and testosterone levels were established three periods: prior to puberty (1-5 months old); puberty (6-9 months old); postpubertal (10-12 months old). During these periods testosterone levels were 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/mL, 1.8 ± 0.2 ng/mL and 1.8 ± 0.2 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.0001). Positive correlation was observed between testosterone levels and albumin levels, age and body weight, and a negative correlation between testosterone levels and calcium, glucose and GGT. Glucose levels decreased throughout development (P < 0.0001) whereas NEFA levels were higher in pre-pubertal (P = 0.01). The enzyme GGT levels had decreased from puberty (P < 0.0001), and AST had their lowest levels at puberty (P = 0.0003). Albumin showed higher levels during puberty (P < 0.0001). The urea values were stable until puberty, and increased post-puberty (P < 0.0001). The levels of calcium and phosphorus levels had lower post-puberty (P < 0.0001). Thus, puberty is a period of fluctuation in the levels of metabolic markers of hybrid male pigs due to the effect of testosterone on energy, protein and mineral metabolism

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Propylene glycol and, or high-level energy diet on performance and metabolism of dairy goats in the peripartum

Objetivou-se avaliar: 1) os efeitos da suplementação energética, para prevenção da cetonemia, perfil metabólico, expressão gênica e parâmetros produtivos em cabras durante o periparto; 2) o perfil bioquímico, produção e composição do leite e suas correlações em cabras leiteiras com cetonemia; e 3) os teores hepáticos de triglicerídeos e glicogênio e descrever a técnica de biópsia hepática em cabras gestantes e lactantes. Para o primeiro estudo, foram utilizadas 48 cabras leiteiras suplementadas durante o periparto, compondo os seguintes grupos: dieta de alta energia e propilenoglicol (AP, PG); dieta padrão de energia e PG (PP); somente dieta de alta energia (A); somente dieta padrão de energia (P). Foram medidos o consumo alimentar, a massa corporal, a produção e a composição do leite. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas nos dias -14, -10, -5, -3, 3, 5, 10 e 14 em relação ao parto, para análise dos marcadores energéticos, proteicos e enzimas hepáticas. Amostras do fígado foram colhidas nos dias -20, -15 e 15 em relação ao parto, para avaliação da expressão gênica. No segundo estudo, a partir dos valores de beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), foram denominados dois grupos animais: cetóticos cabras BHB ≥ 0,8 mmol/L e, cabras saudáveis com BHB≤ 0,8 mmol/L. Para atender ao terceiro objetivo, amostras do fígado foram coletadas por meio de biópsia hepática, nos dias -30, -20, -15, -10, -5 e 15 dias, em relação ao parto, para avaliação do conteúdo de triglicerídeos e glicogênio. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANOVA) e os efeitos foram avaliados pelo teste F, considerando p<0,05 como significativo. O risco de chance de desenvolver cetose foi analisado por regressão logística e, para o segundo objetivo, foi realizada análise de correlações p de Spearman. No primeiro estudo foi observado que as cabras do grupo PP tiveram 84,7% menos chances de desenvolver cetonemia. O status metabólico não foi influenciado pelas dietas. Foi observada maior expressão dos genes FBP1 e PCK1 em cabras alimentadas com A e P. Enquanto, cabras AP e PP tiveram menor expressão dos genes HMGCSL1 e ACSL1. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi menor em cabras P, as quais tiveram menor massa corporal. As cabras que receberam AP produziram menos leite. Em relação à composição do leite, as cabras do grupo P apresentaram maiores concentrações de gordura, proteína e ureia que cabras PP. No segundo estudo, as cabras com cetonemia apresentaram maior BHB, AGL e redução das concentrações de glicose, colesterol e fosfatase alcalina que as cabras saudáveis. O aumento de BHB no sangue apresentou correlação moderadamente forte com a concentração de AGL (r = 0,65) e creatinina (r = 0,62). Enquanto o aumento da concentração de AGL também apresentou correlação moderadamente forte com a concentração de BHB (r = 0,59) e correlação fraca, com a concentração de proteína total (r = 0,44). No terceiro estudo, a concentração de glicogênio hepático foi menor 15 dias após o parto em relação ao pré-parto, exceto ao dia -20. As cabras com alta produção leiteira apresentaram menor concentração de triglicerídeos em relação às cabras de baixa produção. Conclui-se que: 1) combinação da dieta padrão de energia com a suplementação de PG reduz a chance de riscos de ocorrer cetonemia e a cetogênese; 2) o aumento de BHB sérico apresenta-se concomitante à redução da glicemia, colesterol e fosfatase alcalina; e 3) a biópsia é um método seguro para obtenção de fígado e o nível produtivo e os dias em relação ao parto influenciam, respectivamente, as concentrações de triglicerídeo e glicogênio no fígado. Palavras-chave: Beta-hidroxibutirato. Biópsia hepática. Cetonemia. Perfil bioquímico.This study aimed to evaluate: 1) the effects of energy supplementation for the prevention of ketonemia, metabolic profile, gene expression, and productive parameters in goats during peripartum; 2) the metabolic profile, milk production and composition, and correlations in dairy goats with ketonemia; and 3) the hepatic levels of triglycerides and glycogen in pregnant and lactating goats. For the first study, 48 dairy goats supplemented during peripartum were used, composing the following groups: high-energy diet and propylene glycol (PG, AP); standard energy diet and PG (PP); only high-energy diet (A); only standard energy diet (P). Dry matter intake (DM), body mass, milk production, and composition were measured. Blood samples were collected on days -14, -10, -5, -3, 3, 5, 10, and 14 to delivery, for analysis of metabolic profile. Liver samples were collected on days -20, -15, and 15 to delivery, for analysis of gene expression. In the second study, from the values of beta- hydroxybutyrate (BHB), two animal groups were named: ketosis goats, BHB ≥ 0.8 mmol/L and, health goats, BHB≤ 0.8 mmol/L. And to meet the third objective, liver samples were collected using liver biopsy, on days -30, -20, -15, -10, -5, and 15 days to delivery, to evaluate the content of triglycerides and glycogen. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The effects were evaluated by the F test, considering p<0.05 as significant. The odds ratio of developing ketosis was analyzed by logistic regression and for the second objective, Spearman’s p-correlation analysis was performed. In the first study, it was observed that the goats of the PP group were 84.7% less likely to develop ketonemia. Metabolic profile was not influenced by diets. Higher expression of FBP1 and PCK1 were observed in goats fed A and P. AP and PP goats had lower expression of HMGCSL1 and ACSL1. DM was lower in P goats and lower body mass. AP produced less milk. P goats showed higher concentrations of fat, protein, and urea than PP goats. In the second study, ketotic goats had higher BHB, FFA, and reduced glucose, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase concentrations than healthy goats. The increase in BHB showed a moderate correlation between the concentration of FFA (r = 0.65) and creatinine (r = 0.62). The increase in FFA concentration also showed a moderately strong correlation with BHB concentration (r = 0.59) and a weak correlation with total protein concentration (r = 0.44). And in the third study, the concentration of hepatic glycogen was lower 15 days after delivery compared to prepartum, except for day -20. Goats with high milk production had lower hepatic triglyceride concentrations compared to low-production goats. It is concluded that: 1) the combination of the standard energy diet with PG reduces the chance of risks of ketonemia and ketogenesis; 2) the increase in serum BHB occurs simultaneously to the reduction of glucose, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase; and 3) biopsy is a safe method for obtaining hepatic tissue and the production level and days to delivery respectively influence the concentrations of triglyceride and glycogen in the liver. Keywords: Beta-hidroxybutyrate. Liver biopsy. Ketonemia. Metabolic profile.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Sanitary conditions of mozzarella and Minas frescal cheese production in northern Paraná, Brazil

The cheese due its rich nutritional composition provides a favorable environment for the multiplication of many kinds of microorganisms. The excess of total and thermotolerant coliforms indicates contamination from environmental and fecal origin, respectively, which characterizes low microbiological quality and unsatisfactory hygienic-sanitary conditions during the cheese production process, besides the possibility of enteropathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hygienic condition of the production of Mozzarella and Minas Frescal cheeses, produced in Northern region of Paraná State, Brazil. Fifty samples were analyzed, of which 14 were of Mozzarella cheese and 36 were of Minas Frescal cheese covering the period from June 2011 to June 2016. The sanitary conditions of production were evaluated by counting the total and thermotolerant coliforms according to the methodology recommended by the Brazilian legislation. For the Mozzarella cheese, it was observed that all the samples presented counts according to the recommended standards for total and thermotolerant coliforms. However, it was observed that 55.6% of the Minas Frescal cheese samples were in disagreement with the standards established by the legislation for total coliforms, as well as 27.8% for thermotolerant coliforms. These results indicate that a considerable part of the Minas Frescal cheeses present unsatisfactory hygienic conditions during the stages of production, increasing consumer health risk. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt good practices of manufacturing, take corrective actions to fix the contamination problem and compliance with microbiological quality standards established and microbiological safety assurance