Dokumenttielokuvaajan ilmaisulliset keinot: kuvaajan rooli performatiivisessa dokumenttielokuvassa

Pro gradu tutkii performatiivisen dokumenttielokuvan kuvaamista ja kuvaajan visuaalisia ilmaisukeinoja. Dokumenttielokuvan kuvaajana omia intressejäni lähellä ovat kuvalliset ratkaisut – kuten rajaus, valaisu ja kuvausformaatti. Tutkimusaiheeni ulkopuolella ovat ohjaajan vastuulla oleva henkilöohjaus, leikkaajan tekemät ratkaisut tai äänisuunnittelijan käyttämä äänimaailma. Analyysini pohjautuu David Bordwellin ja Kristin Thompsonin kuvauksen laadulliseen tarkasteluun. Käytän tutkimusmenetelmänä itsereflektiota. Primaariaineistona tutkielmassa toimii dokumenttielokuva Somma sommarum, jota tarkastelen tekijälähtöisesti. Tutkimukseni tavoitteena on käsitellä omaa työskentelyäni ko. dokumenttielokuvan perusteella. Itsereflektion avulla ja aineistoni asiantuntijana pystyn purkamaan dokumenttielokuvan kuvaamisen eri työvaiheita yksityiskohtaisesti. Kantaani on lisäksi tukemassa ammattilaiskuvaajien haastattelut. Vaikka kuvattavien henkilöiden tarinan täytyy nousta aina etusijalle, elokuvakerronta on kuitenkin audiovisuaalista luonteeltaan. Esteettisiä muotoseikkoja täytyy arvioida tarinankerrontaa tukevana elementtinä – miten tuoda asiat esiin valitun näkökulman edellyttämässä muodossa? Dokumenttielokuvaani valittiin performatiivinen ote, sillä se korosti parhaiten päähenkilöiden seesteistä elämää ja teokseen vaadittavaa eheyttä. Performatiivisuus elävöittää kerrontaa, mutta tuo myös omat haasteensa työskentelyyn. Performatiivisuudessa täytyy ottaa huomioon esimerkiksi dollyn, ratojen tai valaisun käyttö, mitä ei käytetä esimerkiksi seurantadokumenteissa. Se vaatii sekä kuvaajalta että ohjaajalta kykyä luoda tilanteisiin autenttisuutta kykyjen puitteissa vaikka kohtauksia jouduttaisiin uusimaan. Keskiössäni on tarkastella kuvaajan välineitä toteuttaa työnsä. Kyse on tapauskohtaisesta analyysistä – toteutuskelpoisia variaatioita on useita. Tärkeään rooliin nousee myös digitaalijärjestelmäkameroiden käyttö dokumenttielokuva-tuotannossa. Digitaalitekniikka on kehittynyt huimasti viime vuosina ja niiden ominaisuudet ja halpa hinta ovat asettaneet ammattilaisetkin arvioimaan niitä vakavasti työvälineinään myös videokuvauksessa.This thesis examines the cinematograph of performative documentary film and a cinematographer's visual means of expression. As a documentary film cinematographer, my main interests are visual solutions – such as composition, lighting and image format. Outside of my research is narration, which belongs to the director's responsibilities. As well as the editor's solutions and sound designing. My analysis is based on to David Bordwell's and Kristin Thompson's qualitative research of cinematography. I use selfreflection as a research method. The thesis focuses primarily on my perspective of the documentary film Somma sommarum, as an author. The purpose of my research is to reflect upon my own work for this documentary. With self-reflection and expertise of my material I can analyze different operations in detail during this documentaries filmmaking process. Also supporting my views with interviews of professional cinematographers. Story behind the people which we record must always be in primacy. However, because film narrative is mostly aesthetic about it's character, it is impossible to ignore. Aesthetic form factors must be assessed in a supportive element of storytelling – how to denounce the chosen point of view of the selected form? For a documentary film performative extract was selected, because it best highlighted the main characters peaceful life and the integrity of the work required. Performativity livens up the narrative, but also brings challenges to the work. In a performance one must take into account for example dolly, tracks or lighting, which is not used in follow-up documentaries. It requires, as well director as cinematographer, the ability to create authenticity to situations within the capabilities, even if scenes need to replaced. The main point in my thesis is to view cinematographer's tools to implement his work. It is case by case analysis – there are several variations to it. An important role is also played by the use of DSLR cameras in documentary film production. Digital technique has developed a lot during the last years. Due to it's features and low cost, professionals have re-evaluated them as serious tools for videography

MAAN ÄÄRIIN ASTI : Lähetysoppitunnit

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli esitellä toiminnallisilla menetelmillä lähetystyötä sekä Ylivieskan seurakunnan nimikkokohteita ja –lähettejä. Toisena tavoitteena oli tuottaa valmis tuntisuunnitelma ja materiaalia, jotka auttavat lähetyssihteeriä työssään. Suunnittelin oppitunnit alakoulun 4.-6.-luokkalaisille. Oppitunnit toteutettiin kahdella alakoululla. Ensimmäisellä kokeilukerralla havaittiin, että työssä toteutettu rumpuaskartelu oli syytä muuttaa helpommin toteutettavaksi. Lisäksi käännöstehtävässä oli liian vähän kirjoitustilaa. Toisella kerralla nämä epäkohdat oli korjattu. Palautteiden ja havaintojen perusteella tehtävät sopivat aiheeseen, mutta vaativat muutoksia käytännön järjestelyissä sekä tehtävien järjestyksen muuttamista tuntisuunnitelmassa, jotta kokonaisuus toimisi. Käytännön kokeilujen avulla saatiin selville tarvittavat muutokset, jotta tuntisuunnitelmasta saatiin toimiva. Toiminnallisten menetelmien avulla lasten oli helpompi ymmärtää auttamistyön merkitys sekä asettua hädän alla elävien lasten rooliin.The main goal of this thesis was to introduce missionary work, the countries and missionary workers supported by Ylivieska parish, using active methods. The secondary goal was to provide a plan for the lessons and material, which would help the work of mission secretary. The lessons were planned for 4th-6th graders. The lessons were held in two elementary schools. Observations from the first test lesson suggested that the tin drum that was crafted during the lessons should be made easier to craft. In addition, there was not enough space for writing in the translation exercise. These faults were fixed for the second test lesson. On basis of the feedback and observations the exercises were suitable for the subject, but needed changes in practical arrangements and in the arrangement of the lesson plan. With the help of the practical tests the parts that needed to be improved were found. The lesson plan was reformed into a functional form. With the help of active methods it was easier for the children to understand the importance of assistance work and also to identify with the children living in despair

Merocyanine Dyes as Donor Materials in Vacuum-Deposited Organic Solar Cells: Insights into Structure-Property-Performance Relationships

In this study, a double-donor concept is used to improve the performance of thermally evaporated merocyanine(s)/C60 bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. It is shown that the co-evaporation of two merocyanine dyes with absorption bands at ~ 500 nm (SW dye) and ~ 650 nm (LW dye), respectively, together with C60 fullerene results in an improvement of open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (JSC) as well as total power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to the best single-donor cell. The enhancement of JSC is attributed to a higher photon harvesting efficiency of the mixed-donor devices due to a better spectral coverage.Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen zwischen der Festkörpermorphologie und der Leistung organischer Solarzellen auf der Basis von Merocyanin-Farbstoffen untersucht. Verschiedene analytische Methoden, vor allem optische Untersuchungen und Röntgenbeugung, wurden verwendet, um die Einkristall bzw. Dünnschichtstruktur der Merocyanine aufzuklären. Zusammenhänge zwischen der Festkörperstruktur der Farbstoffe und deren Leistung in Solarzellen wurden eindeutig nachgewiesen. In Kapitel 2 werden die Grundlagen der organischen Photovoltaik erläutert und ein Überblick über den Stand der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der durch Vakuumabscheidung von kleinen Molekülen hergestellten Solarzellen gegeben. Die Technologie der Vakuumverdampfung kleiner Moleküle hat sich in den letzten Jahren rasch weiterentwickelt und steht inzwischen an der Schwelle zur Kommerzialisierung erster Produkte. Vakuumabgeschiedene Solarzellen lassen sich mit hoher Reproduzierbarkeit herstellen und weisen gute Stabilitäten auf. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht ist vor allem die gute Verfügbarkeit zahlreicher Donoren und die einfache und exakte Realisierung verschiedenster Bauteilarchitekturen von Interesse. Im Kapitel 3 werden die in dieser Arbeit benutzten Architekturen für die Herstellung und Charakterisierung der Solarzellen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Kapitel 4 präsentiert eine umfassende Studie über die Kristallpackungen der dipolaren Merocyanin-Farbstoffe. Hier wurde vor allem die Wirkung der Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwirkungen auf die gefundenen Strukturmotive in den Kristallstrukturen der Merocyanin-Farbstoffe analysiert. Die statistischen Auswertung zeigt, dass bei einem hohen molekularen Dipolmoment (> 8 D) die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Anordnung der Moleküle in einer zentrosymmetrischen Raumgruppen erhöht wird. Dimere mit einer antiparallelen Orientierung der Dipolmomente wurden häufig gefunden (Abbildung 1a). Eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Kristallstrukturen zahlreicher Merocyanine, in denen Fischerbase als Donor-Baustein in Kombination mit ..

Controls of climate, catchment erosion and biological production on long-term community and functional changes of chironomids in High Arctic lakes (Svalbard)

Arctic freshwater basins are diversity hotspots and sentinels of climate change, but their long-term variability and the environmental variables controlling them are not well defined. We examined four available lake sediment sequences from High Arctic Svalbard for their subfossil Chironomidae communities, biodiversity and functional traits and assessed the influence of climatic and limnological variability on the long-term ecological dynamics. Our results indicated that collector-filterers had an important role in the oligotrophic sites, whereas collector-gatherers dominated the nutrient-enriched sites with significant bird guano inputs. In the oligotrophic sites, benthic production, taxon richness and taxonomic and functional diversity were highest during the early Holocene, when temperatures showed a rapid increase. An increase in subfossil abundance and diversity metrics was also found in recent samples of the oligotrophic sites, but not in the bird-impacted sites, where the trends were decreasing. When partitioning out the environmental forcing on chironomid communities, the influence of climate was significant in all the sites, whereas in-lake production (organic matter) was significant in two of the sites and catchment erosion (magnetic susceptibility) had only minor influence. The findings suggest that major changes in Arctic chironomid assemblages were driven by climate warming with increasing diversity in oligotrophic sites, but deteriorating ecological functions in environmentally stressed sites. We found that although taxonomic and functional diversity were always coupled, taxonomical and functional turnovers were coupled only in the oligotrophic sites suggesting that the ecological functions operated by chironomids in these low-productivity sites may not be as resilient to future environmental change.Peer reviewe

Neolithic land use in the Northern Boreal Zone : High-resolution multiproxy analyses from Lake Huhdasjärvi, south-eastern Finland

Two high-resolution pollen and charcoal analyses were constructed from sediments obtained from a small bay in eastern Finland in order to gain information on human activity during the Neolithic Stone Age, 5200-1800 BC. We used measurements of loss on ignition (LOI), magnetic susceptibility, and geochemical analyses to describe the sedimentological characteristics. Palaeomagnetic dating and measurements of Cs-137 activity were supported by C14 datings. The analyses revealed human activity between 4400 and 3200 BC, which is synchronous with archaeological cultures defined through different stages of Comb Ware pottery types and Middle Neolithic pottery types with asbestos as a primary temper. Direct evidence of Hordeum cultivation was dated to 4040-3930 cal BC. According to the pollen data, more significant effort was put into the production of fibres from hemp than the actual cultivation of food.Peer reviewe

Proxy-based 300-year High Arctic climate warming record from Svalbard

We used fossil Chironomidae assemblages and the transfer function approach to reconstruct summer air temperatures over the past 300 years from a High Arctic lake in Hornsund, Svalbard. Our aims were to compare reconstructed summer temperatures with observed (last 100 years) seasonal temperatures, to determine a potential climate warming break point in the temperature series and to assess the significance and rate of the climate warming trend at the study site. The reconstructed temperatures were consistent with a previous proxy record from Svalbard and showed good correlation with the meteorological observations from Bjornoya and Longyearbyen. From the current palaeoclimate record, we found a significant climate warming threshold in the 1930s, after which the temperatures rapidly increased. We also found that the climate warming trend was strong and statistically significant. Compared with the reconstructed Little Ice Age temperatures in late eighteenth century cooling culmination, the present day summer temperatures are >4 degrees C higher and the temperature increase since the 1930s has been 0.5 degrees C per decade. These results highlight the exceptionally rapid recent warming of southern Svalbard and add invaluable information on the seasonality of High Arctic climate change and Arctic amplification.Peer reviewe

Biases in radiocarbon dating of organic fractions in sediments from meromictic and seasonally hypoxic lakes

We present here radiocarbon dating results from two boreal lakes in Finland, which are permanently (meromictic) or seasonally stratified and contain continuous sequences of annually laminated sediments that started to form in the early Holocene. The radiocarbon dating results of different organic components were compared with the varve-based sediment chronologies. The deviation between the Lake Valkiajarvi varve chronology (8400 varve years 2-3% error estimate) and 33 C-14 dates taken from insoluble and soluble organic phases vary inconsistently throughout the Holocene. In extreme cases mean calibrated radiocarbon dates with 95.4% confidence levels (2 sigma) are -2350 and +2040 years offset when compared with the varve chronology. On average, the radiocarbon dates are offset by ca. +550 years. The deviation between the Lake Nautajarvi varve chronology (9898 varve years +/- 1% error estimate) and 26 C-14 dates analyzed with conventional and AMS methods indicates that radiocarbon dates are systematically older by 500-1300 years (about 900 years on average). This significant offset mean that radiocarbon dates obtained from organic bulk sediment of meromictic and seasonally hypoxic lakes must be cautiously interpreted because of the reservoir effect and carbon cycling at the sediment-water interface. Direct evidence was obtained from the dating of soluble fraction and insoluble organic matter from near bottom water in the monimolimnion of Lake Valkiajarvi, which yielded C-14 ages of 560 +/- 80 BP and 2070 +/- 140 BP, respectively. Our study reinforces previous results that age-depth models based on bulk sediment radiocarbon dates obtained on sediments of stratified lakes are of limited value for accurate dating of changes in land use and especially the commence of agriculture.Peer reviewe

Seasonality of chrysophyte cyst and diatom assemblages in varved Lake Nautajärvi – implications for palaeolimnological studies

Peer reviewe