Modeling of Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Protection in Distribution Network

The reliable operation of the electric power system depends largely on the operation of relay protection and automation facilities. The primary equipment in electrical power systems, including generators, transformers, power transmission lines, and motors, relies on various types of protective relays, with overcurrent protection (OCP) being the most commonly used. Overcurrent protection can be divided into two main categories: definite time overcurrent protection and inverse time overcurrent protection. In our study, we focus on the relay protection systems used in the Baganuur branch of the Baganuur South-East  Region Electricity  Distribution Network (WESRDN), where most systems utilize definite time overcurrent protection. This type operates with a fixed time characteristic regardless of the magnitude of the fault current or the length of the line. However, it has the drawback that the protection time increases as it approaches the generator in series-connected lines and equipment. In contrast, inverse time overcurrent protection can adjust its timing characteristics based on the size of the fault current, which helps to overcome the earlier mentioned problem when applied to line equipment protection. Therefore, based on the example of the Baganuur branch\u27s distribution network, we modeled the primary circuit and inverse time overcurrent protection using DigSILENT PowerFactory 15.1 software, and an analysis of the experiment results was conducted

Symptom-triggered testing detects early stage and low volume resectable advanced stage ovarian cancer

Objective Symptom-triggered testing for ovarian cancer was introduced to the UK whereby symptomatic women undergo an ultrasound scan and serum CA125, and are referred to hospital within 2 weeks if these are abnormal. The potential value of symptom-triggered testing in the detection of early-stage disease or low tumor burden remains unclear in women with high grade serous ovarian cancer. In this descriptive study, we report on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, disease distribution, and complete cytoreduction rates in women presenting via the fast-track pathway and who were diagnosed with high grade serous ovarian cancer. Methods We analyzed the dataset from Refining Ovarian Cancer Test accuracy Scores (ROCkeTS), a single-arm prospective diagnostic test accuracy study recruiting from 24 hospitals in the UK. The aim of ROCkeTS is to validate risk prediction models in symptomatic women. We undertook an opportunistic analysis for women recruited between June 2015 to July 2022 and who were diagnosed with high grade serous ovarian cancer via the fast-track pathway. Women presenting with symptoms suspicious for ovarian cancer receive a CA125 blood test and an ultrasound scan if the CA125 level is abnormal. If either of these is abnormal, women are referred to secondary care within 2 weeks. Histology details were available on all women who underwent surgery or biopsy within 3 months of recruitment. Women who did not undergo surgery or biopsy at 3 months were followed up for 12 months as per the national guidelines in the UK. In this descriptive study, we report on patient demographics (age and menopausal status), WHO performance status, FIGO stage at diagnosis, disease distribution (low/pelvic confined, moderate/extending to mid-abdomen, high/extending to upper abdomen) and complete cytoreduction rates in women who underwent surgery. Results Of 1741 participants recruited via the fast-track pathway, 119 (6.8%) were diagnosed with high grade serous ovarian cancer. The median age was 63 years (range 32-89). Of these, 112 (94.1%) patients had a performance status of 0 and 1, 30 (25.2%) were diagnosed with stages I/II, and the disease distribution was low-to- moderate in 77 (64.7%). Complete and optimal cytoreduction were achieved in 73 (61.3%) and 18 (15.1%). The extent of disease was low in 43 of 119 (36.1%), moderate in 34 of 119 (28.6%), high in 32 of 119 (26.9%), and not available in 10 of 119 (8.4%). Nearly two thirds, that is 78 of 119 (65.5%) women with high grade serous ovarian cancer, underwent primary debulking surgery, 36 of 119 (30.3%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery, and 5 of 119 (4.2%) women did not undergo surgery. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that one in four women identified with high grade serous ovarian cancer through the fast-track pathway following symptom-triggered testing was diagnosed with early-stage disease. Symptom-triggered testing may help identify women with a low disease burden, potentially contributing to high complete cytoreduction rates

Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among women of reproductive age at Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba

Background and Objective: Family-planning services are used as tool for promoting family health and specifically for reducing maternal morbidity and mortality by preventing unwanted and high-risk pregnancies. To this end, the services target women with serious underlying medical problems, grand multipara, couples who have achieved their desired family size, sexually active teenagers and any others who need or wish to avoid pregnancy. Promotion of family planning has been shown to reduce poverty, hunger, maternal and infant mortality, and contribute to women’s empowerment. In spite of the obvious merits and advocacy by government and development patterns on the benefits of family planning, acceptance of modern contraceptives have remained low in Nigeria. 87% of women in Nigeria or their partners do not use modern or traditional contraceptives. The present study is aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among women of reproductive age and to reveal and respond adequately to the observed factors of this subject so that we can engage in a reference assessment of the factors affecting the above service. Methods: The methods of collection of data were by self-administered and interviewer administered questionnaire depending on the level of literacy of each individual. The questionnaire also contained closed- and open- ended questions, which made it a semi- structured questionnaire. The respondents included Patients presenting at the different clinics, health workers, and students of Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, who were all selected randomly. Consent forms were gotten from department of Community Medicine to obtain permission from respondents. The sample size calculated was 300. Results: 300 women of reproductive age participated in the survey. Among them 175 were aged 15-24 (60.1%), 90 were aged 25-34 (30.9%).  19 were aged 35-44 (6.3%), and 7 were aged 45-49 (2.3%). As regards the options of family planning the respondents were aware of, majority i.e 52 (18.3%) were aware of total abstinence, 39 (13.7%) of calendar method, 27 (9.5%) of cervical mucus method, 45 (15.8%) of withdrawal method, 33 (11.65) of condoms, 13 (4.6%) of spermicides, 10 (3.5%) of IUCD, 11 of pills (3.9%), 5 (1.8%) of injectable contraceptives, 4 (1.4%) of implants, 4 (1.4%) of tubal ligation, and only 1 (0.4%) of vasectomy. Generally, it is drawn from this research that 114(38.1%) women have good knowledge about family planning while 185 (61.9%) have poor knowledge of family planning. Conclusion: The linkage between the level of education and the attitude towards family planning was clear, showing the need to strengthen our approaches in health education to reach the uneducated if there must be an improvement in knowledge, attitude, and practice of family planning. Recommendation: These factors must be of significance to maternal health, as any impact to the use of family planning services is also an impact on maternal health. Though cultural and religious beliefs have been identified as negative influences to the use of family planning services, there remains a need to have a more in-depth study with the purpose of assessing the factors responsible for the poor subscription to family planning services

Species Composition, Dominance and Similarity Index of Macrobrachium vollehovenii and M. Felicinum in Akor River, Ibere, Ikwuano, Nigeria

Occurrence and abundance of Macrobrachium vollehovenii and Macrobrachium felicinum were studied in Akor river, Ibere, Ikwuano, Nigeria. The area density method of sample collection was employed. The river was delineated into three stations: A, B and C and prawn specimen were collected fortnightly. Sample collection lasted for 24 months. Species composition, dominance and similarity index were calculated using standard methods. Chi square test was used to compare the dominance of both species in the River. Results showed that station A had a total catch composition of 1,407 (29.4%), station B recorded 1,689 (34.73%) and the highest catch was obtained in station C having 1,763 (36.2%). The overall total catch of 4,859 was recorded. Results also showed that M. vollehovenii dominated the river with a total number of 3,620 (75%) while M. felicinum had a total catch of 1,239 (25%). Ponderal index was 53.7 and 44.7 for M. vollehovenii and M. felicinum respectively and a similarity index of 1 for both species was observed. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between dominance of these species in Akor river. Inference from the results showed that these species are present as non-target organism in this river.&#x0D; Keywords: Occurrence, abundance, Macrobrachium species, fresh water, crustacean</jats:p

Species Composition, Dominance and Similarity Index of Macrobrachium vollehovenii and M. Felicinum in Akor River, Ibere, Ikwuano, Nigeria

Occurrence and abundance of Macrobrachium vollehovenii and Macrobrachium felicinum were studied in Akor river, Ibere, Ikwuano, Nigeria. The area density method of sample collection was employed. The river was delineated into three stations: A, B and C and prawn specimen were collected fortnightly. Sample collection lasted for 24 months. Species composition, dominance and similarity index were calculated using standard methods. Chi square test was used to compare the dominance of both species in the River. Results showed that station A had a total catch composition of 1,407 (29.4%), station B recorded 1,689 (34.73%) and the highest catch was obtained in station C having 1,763 (36.2%). The overall total catch of 4,859 was recorded. Results also showed that M. vollehovenii dominated the river with a total number of 3,620 (75%) while M. felicinum had a total catch of 1,239 (25%). Ponderal index was 53.7 and 44.7 for M. vollehovenii and M. felicinum respectively and a similarity index of 1 for both species was observed. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between dominance of these species in Akor river. Inference from the results showed that these species are present as non-target organism in this river. Keywords: Occurrence, abundance, Macrobrachium species, fresh water, crustacea