Transesterification of Waste Oil to Produce Biodiesel and Cost Efficient Removal of Residues

The energy crisis presents a great need for alternative energy sources. Therefore, at this juncture it is planned to produce biodiesel from waste animal fat. In this project the waste animal fat is collected from a local restaurant located in Lumberton. The quality of the oil has been checked for moisture content before the transesterification because it influences the production of soap. The transesterification has been done with methanol. The parameters such as temperature, the quantity of potassium hydroxide (KOH) were optimized. Also, the number of washing has been optimized for better quality of the biodiesel. A titration procedure was utilized to determine how much catalyst was needed to react with the free fatty acids in the waste animal fat feedstock. Using a thumbrule formula: [6/0.875 + # ofmL KOH solution] /2, the amount ofcatalyst needed to make soap with the free fatty acids is incorporated to determine to total amount of catalyst needed to conduct a complete reaction. The total amount ofKOH calculated was 3.83g. The 3.83g ofKOH was utilized in the transesterification of the waste animal fat. The catalyst was combined with 120 mL ofmethanol and combined with 500 mL of the melted animal fat. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 90 minutes at a constant 65° C. The yield of unwashed and undried biodiesel was 475 mL. The sample was washed and dried. The sample was analyzed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry instrument. The retention time was 7.891 seconds, indicating the presence of methyl palmitate, or biodiesel

Instrumental methods for neutron spectroscopy in the MIT blanket test facility

"May, 1972."Also issued as an Sc. D. thesis by the first author and supervised by the third and fourth author, MIT Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1972Includes bibliographical references (pages 223-225)U.S. Atomic Energy Commission contractThe energy spectrum of the neutron flux in a realistic mockup of the blanket region of a large liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactor was measured using three different spectrometers: He-3 and Li-6 semiconductor detectors and a Proton-Recoil proportional counter. The He-3 detector was operated in the sum and difference modes, and the Li-6 detector in the sum, difference and triton modes. The experimental data was unfolded using direct, integral and derivative techniques. Methods were developed or perfected to enable use of the He-3 detector over the neutron energy range from 10 keV to 1.3 MeV and the Li-6 detector from 10 keV to 3.1 MeV; the Proton-Recoil detector was operated in the region from 2 keV to 1.5 MeV. In general, good agreement was found between the experimental measurements for all detector types, modes of operation and methods of unfolding, except for the low-energy He-3 data. The present experimental results and previously reported data obtained using a method based on gamma line broadening are in relatively good agreement in the high energy region above 0.8 MeV. The measured neutron spectrum is also similar in shape to neutron spectra measured at ANL in critical assembly mockups of large LMFBR cores, but systematically softer, as expected.. However, there is a large discrepancy in the energy region from 10 keV to 50 keV between the present results and either spectra unfolded from foil data or those numerically calculated using the 1-D ANISN code in the S8 option with 26 energy groups

Exponential critical state model applied to ac susceptibility data for the superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-delta

We derive new expressions for the average magnetization loops, M(H), based on the exponential critical state model. The components chi' and chi '' of the complex susceptibility are calculated and an algorithm to fit ac susceptibility data is discussed. This algorithm is employed to study the intergranular response chi'(H-m) and chi ''(H-m) measured for two samples of YBa2Cu3O7-delta as a function of the ac field amplitude H-m. One sample is a porous sintered cylinder and the other is a very dense melt-textured bar. in both cases good fits of the calculated components chi' and chi '' are obtained using an algorithm that involves two free parameters, the full penetration field, H-p, and the sample quality factor, p. An interesting result for the melt-textured sample is the observation of a step in chi'(H-m) curves at very low H-m, possibly associated with grain clustering. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.8063390339

Latinx Political Leadership in Massachusetts

Fact Sheet provides an overview of Latinx political leadership and representation in Massachusetts, including a historical timeline and data about electoral politics and gender

The potential to control Haemonchus contortus in indigenous South African goats with copper oxide wire particles

The high prevalence of resistance of Haemonchus contortus to all major anthelmintic groups has prompted investigations into alternative control methods in South Africa, including the use of copper oxide wire particle (COWP) boluses. To assess the efficacy of COWP against H. contortus in indigenous South African goats, 18 male faecal egg-count-negative goats were each given ca.1200 infective larvae of H. contortus three times per week during weeks 1 and 2 of the experiment. These animals made up an “established” infection group (ESTGRP). At the start of week 7, six goats were each given a 2-g COWP bolus orally; six goats received a 4-g COWP bolus each and six animals were not treated. A further 20 goats constituted a “developing” infection group (DEVGRP). At the beginning of week 1, seven of the DEVGRP goats were given a 2-g COWP bolus each; seven goats were treated with a 4-g COWP bolus each and no bolus was given to a further six animals. During weeks 1–6, each of these DEVGRP goats was given ca. 400 H. contortus larvae three times per week. All 38 goats were euthanized for worm recovery from the abomasa and small intestines in week 11. In the ESTGRP, the 2-g and 4-g COWP boluses reduced the worm burdens by 95% and 93%, respectively compared to controls (mean burden ± standard deviation, SD: 23 ± 33, 30 ± 56 and 442 ± 518 worms, P = 0.02). However, in the DEVGRP goats, both the 2-g and 4-g COWP treatments were ineffective in reducing the worm burdens relative to the controls (mean burdens ± SD: 1102 ± 841, 649 ± 855, 1051 ± 661 worms, P = 0.16). Mean liver copper levels did not differ between the ESTGRP goats treated with 2-g COWP, 4-g COWP or no COWP (mean ± standard error of the mean, SEM, in ppm: 93.7 ± 8.3; 101.5 ± 8.3; 71.8 ± 8.3, P = 0.07) nor did they differ between the DEVGRP goats (mean ± SEM, in ppm: 74.1 ± 9.1; 75.4 ± 9.1; 74.9 ± 10.0, P > 0.99). The copper values were considered adequate, but not high, for goats. The COWP boluses have the potential to be used in the place of conventional anthelmintics for the control of established H. contortus infections in indigenous South African goats, but their use as part of an integrated approach to control H. contortus in the field must be fully investigated

Latino Political Leadership in Massachusetts – 2019

There is very limited Latino presence in the State Senate, with one Latina State Senator in office; having five Latinos in the Senate would be proportionate to the statewide Latino population. Six Latinos serve in the 160-member House of Representatives; eighteen would be proportionate. There are no Latinos in the state’s congressional delegation. City councilors and members of school committees account for 83% of all Latinos serving in key elected leadership positions. The top 20 cities and towns with the largest proportions of Latino residents in Massachusetts account for 57% of the Latino population in the state. Among these cities and towns, only eight have at least one Latino and/or Latina elected official serving on the school committee or city council. Of the 369 municipal positions in these 20 cities and towns, Latino elected officials make up 11% of officeholders. In only one city (Lawrence) does a Latino serve as mayor

Persistence of the efficacy of copper oxide wire particles against Haemonchus contortus in grazing South African goats

A study was conducted to examine the duration of anthelmintic effect of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) in grazing goats, as data for the persistence of efficacy of COWP in this host species is limited. Forty-eight indigenous male goats were infected naturally by grazing them on Haemonchus contortus-infected pasture. When the faecal egg count (FEC) in the goats was 3179 ± 540 eggs per gram of faeces (mean ± standard error), half the animals were treated with 4 g COWP (day 0; mean live weight = 25.5 ± 0.8 kg). Eight treated (COWP) and eight non-treated (CONTROL) goats were removed from the pasture on each of days 7, 28 and 56, maintained for 27 or 29 days in concrete pens and then humanely slaughtered for nematode recovery. Mean liver copper levels were in the high range in the goats removed from pasture at day 7 (treated: 191 ± 19.7 ppm; untreated: 120 ± 19.7 ppm; P = 0.022), but had dropped to normal levels at days 28 and 56. The mean H. contortus burdens of the treated versus the non-treated goats were, respectively, 184 ± 48 and 645 ± 152 for the goats removed from pasture at day 7 (71% reduction; P = 0.004), 207 ± 42 and 331 ± 156 at day 28 (37% reduction; P = 0.945) and 336 ± 89 and 225 ± 53 at day 56 (−49% reduction; P = 0.665). Weekly monitoring of FECs after treatment until slaughter indicated that the COWP-treated goats had lower FECs than the controls, the treatment main effect being significant at days 7, 28 and 56 (P < 0.01). The day main effect and the treatment × day interaction were only significant for the goats removed from pasture at day 28 (P ≤ 0.001). Packed cell volumes increased during the course of the experiment (day, P < 0.001), but the treatment main effect was significant only for the goats removed from pasture at day 28 (CONTROL 28 d, 28.65 ± 0.52% < COWP 28 d, 31.31 ± 0.52%; P < 0.001). No differences in live weight between groups were considered to be of any practical significance. The study indicated that persistence of efficacy of COWP is limited in goats, extending at most to 28 days after treatment. However, repeated COWP administration at three-month intervals may be safe, given that liver copper levels return to normal two to three months after COWP treatment

Am I Too Fat? Bulimia as an Epidemic

26 pages, 1 article*Am I Too Fat? Bulimia as an Epidemic* (Gonzalez, Beverly; Huerta-Sanchez, Emilia; Ortiz-Nieves, Angela; Vazquez-Alvarez, Terannie; Kribs-Zaleta, Christopher) 26 page