884 research outputs found
Restoring the full velocity field in the gaseous disk ofthe spiral galaxy NGC 157
We analyse the line-of-sight velocity field of ionized gas in the spiral
galaxy NGC 157 which has been obtained in the H\alpha emission at the 6m
telescope of SAO RAS. The existence of systematic deviations of the observed
gas velocities from pure circular motion is shown. A detailed investigation of
these deviations is undertaken by applying a Fourier analysis of the azimuthal
distributions of the line-of-sight velocities at different distances from the
galactic center. As a result of the analysis, all the main parameters of the
wave spiral pattern are determined: the corotation radius, the amplitudes and
phases of the gas velocity perturbations at different radii, and the velocity
of circular rotation of the disk corrected for the velocity perturbations due
to spiral arms. At a high confidence level, the presence of the two giant
anticyclones in the reference frame rotating with the spiral pattern is shown;
their sizes and the localization of their centers are consistent with the
results of the analytic theory and of numerical simulations. Besides the
anticyclones, the existence of cyclones in residual velocity fields of spiral
galaxies is predicted. In the reference frame rotating with the spiral pattern
these cyclones have to reveal themselves in galaxies where a radial gradient of
azimuthal residual velocity is steeper than that of the rotation velocity
(abridged).Comment: 23 pages including 25 eps-figures. Accepted for publication in A&
Dynamic stabilization of non-spherical bodies against unlimited collapse
We solve equations, describing in a simplified way the newtonian dynamics of
a selfgravitating nonrotating spheroidal body after loss of stability. We find
that contraction to a singularity happens only in a pure spherical collapse,
and deviations from the spherical symmetry stop the contraction by the
stabilising action of nonlinear nonspherical oscillations. A real collapse
happens after damping of the oscillations due to energy losses, shock wave
formation or viscosity. Detailed analysis of the nonlinear oscillations is
performed using a Poincar\'{e} map construction. Regions of regular and chaotic
oscillations are localized on this map.Comment: MNRAS, accepted, 7 pages, 9 figure
A generic map has no absolutely continuous invariant probability measure
Let be a smooth compact manifold (maybe with boundary, maybe
disconnected) of any dimension . We consider the set of maps
which have no absolutely continuous (with respect to Lebesgue)
invariant probability measure. We show that this is a residual (dense
C^1$ topology.
In the course of the proof, we need a generalization of the usual Rokhlin
tower lemma to non-invariant measures. That result may be of independent
interest.Comment: 12 page
Inner Polar Rings and Disks: Observed Properties
A list of galaxies with inner regions revealing polar (or strongly inclined
to the main galactic plane) disks and rings is compiled from the literature
data. The list contains 47 galaxies of all morphological types, from E to Irr.
We consider the statistics of the parameters of polar structures known from
observations. The radii of the majority of them do not exceed 1.5 kpc. The
polar structures are equally common in barred and unbarred galaxies. At the
same time, if a galaxy has a bar (or a triaxial bulge), this leads to the polar
disk stabilization - its axis of rotation usually coincides with the major axis
of the bar. More than two thirds of all considered galaxies reveal one or
another sign of recent interaction or merging. This fact indicates a direct
relation between the external environment and the presence of an inner polar
structure.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, accepted to Astrophysical Bulletin. Minor
changes and corrections are still possibl
The structure of cool accretion disc in semidetached binaries
We present the results of qualitative consideration of possible changes
occurring during the transition from the hot accretion disc to the cool one. We
argue the possible existence of one more type of spiral density waves in the
inner part of the disc where gasdynamical perturbations are negligible. The
mechanism of formation of such a wave as well as its parameters are considered.
We also present the results of 3D gasdynamical simulation of cool accretion
discs. These results confirm the hypothesis of possible formation of the spiral
wave of a new, "precessional" type in the inner regions of the disc. Possible
observational manifestations of this wave are discussed.Comment: LaTeX, 16 pages, 8 figures, to be published in Astron. Z
Electrification of wind-blown sand on Mars and its implications for atmospheric chemistry
Wind-blown sand, or 'saltation,' creates sand dunes, erodes geological
features, and could be a significant source of dust aerosols on Mars. Moreover,
the electrification of sand and dust in saltation, dust storms, and dust devils
could produce electric discharges and affect atmospheric chemistry. We present
the first calculations of electric fields in martian saltation, using a
numerical model of saltation that includes sand electrification, plasma
physics, and the adsorption of ions and electrons onto particulates. Our
results indicate that electric discharges do not occur in martian saltation.
Moreover, we find that the production of hydrogen peroxide and the dissociation
of methane by electric fields are less significant than previously thought.
Both these species are highly relevant to studies of past and present life on
Mars.Comment: 5 journal pages, 3 figures, published in Geophysical Research Letter
Primary skin fibroblasts as a model of Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. While most cases occur sporadic mutations in a growing number of genes including Parkin (PARK2) and PINK1 (PARK6) have been associated with the disease. Different animal models and cell models like patient skin fibroblasts and recombinant cell lines can be used as model systems for Parkinson's disease. Skin fibroblasts present a system with defined mutations and the cumulative cellular damage of the patients. PINK1 and Parkin genes show relevant expression levels in human fibroblasts and since both genes participate in stress response pathways, we believe fibroblasts advantageous in order to assess, e.g. the effect of stressors. Furthermore, since a bioenergetic deficit underlies early stage Parkinson's disease, while atrophy underlies later stages, the use of primary cells seems preferable over the use of tumor cell lines. The new option to use fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells redifferentiated into dopaminergic neurons is an additional benefit. However, the use of fibroblast has also some drawbacks. We have investigated PARK6 fibroblasts and they mirror closely the respiratory alterations, the expression profiles, the mitochondrial dynamics pathology and the vulnerability to proteasomal stress that has been documented in other model systems. Fibroblasts from patients with PARK2, PARK6, idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 demonstrated a distinct and unique mRNA expression pattern of key genes in neurodegeneration. Thus, primary skin fibroblasts are a useful Parkinson's disease model, able to serve as a complement to animal mutants, transformed cell lines and patient tissues
The simulation of molecular clouds formation in the Milky Way
Using 3D hydrodynamic calculations we simulate formation of molecular clouds
in the Galaxy. The simulations take into account molecular hydrogen chemical
kinetics, cooling and heating processes. Comprehensive gravitational potential
accounts for contributions from the stellar bulge, two and four armed spiral
structure, stellar disk, dark halo and takes into account self-gravitation of
the gaseous component. Gas clouds in our model form in the spiral arms due to
shear and wiggle instabilities and turn into molecular clouds after t\simgt
100 Myr. At the times Myr the clouds form hierarchical
structures and agglomerations with the sizes of 100 pc and greater. We analyze
physical properties of the simulated clouds and find that synthetic statistical
distributions like mass spectrum, "mass-size" relation and velocity dispersion
are close to those observed in the Galaxy. The synthetic (galactic
longitude - radial velocity) diagram of the simulated molecular gas
distribution resembles observed one and displays a structure with appearance
similar to Molecular Ring of the Galaxy. Existence of this structure in our
modelling can be explained by superposition of emission from the galactic bar
and the spiral arms at 3-4 kpc.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
Mutations in components of complement influence the outcome of Factor I-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
Genetic studies have shown that mutations of complement inhibitors such as membrane cofactor protein, Factors H, I, or B and C3 predispose patients to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Factor I is a circulating serine protease that inhibits complement by degrading C3b and up to now only a few mutations in the CFI gene have been characterized. In a large cohort of 202 patients with aHUS, we identified 23 patients carrying exonic mutations in CFI. Their overall clinical outcome was unfavorable, as half died or developed end-stage renal disease after their first syndrome episode. Eight patients with CFI mutations carried at least one additional known genetic risk factor for aHUS, such as a mutation in MCP, CFH, C3 or CFB; a compound heterozygous second mutation in CFI; or mutations in both the MCP and CFH genes. Five patients exhibited homozygous deletion of the Factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR-1) gene. Ten patients with aHUS had one mutation in their CFI gene (Factor I-aHUS), resulting in a quantitative or functional Factor I deficiency. Patients with a complete deletion of the CFHR-1 gene had a significantly higher risk of a bad prognosis compared with those with one Factor I mutation as their unique vulnerability feature. Our results emphasize the necessity of genetic screening for all susceptibility factors in patients with aHUS
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