The changing role of the software engineer

In this paper we will discuss the changing role of a software engineer. We will examine this from four major standpoints, the software development life cycle, the influence of open source software, testing and deployment and the emergence of new technologies. We will first analyze what the role of a software engineer was in the past. We will examine limitations associated with software development life cycle models, and software failures that catalyzed increased importance for quality assurance. We then outline the current role of a software engineer. We discuss the impact of agile software development and automation on the software development cycle, the influence of open source software and how new technologies such as Function-as-a-Service and machine learning may impacted the role. Based on our research, we analyze why the software engineer role has changed and postulate prospective changes to the role of software engineer, and in particular how new responsibilities may affect the day to day work of future software engineers. We ultimately find that the role of a “software engineer” is nowadays widely varied and very broad, and it only generally indicates the type of work that the software engineer may undertake

Relative effectiveness of irish factories in the surveillance of slaughtered cattle for visible lesions of tuberculosis, 2005-2007

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Ireland, every animal is examined at slaughter for its fitness for human consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of factories in submitting and subsequently in having suspect lesions confirmed as bovine tuberculosis (TB) lesions during the years 2005-2007. This work provides an update from previously published data for years 2003-2004. During 2005-2007 data were available on 4,401,813 cattle from attested herds (<it>i.e</it>. herds classified free of bovine TB), from which data for potential confounding factors were available for 3,344,057 slaughtered animals at one of the 37 export-licensed factories.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>From these animals, 8,178 suspect lesions were submitted for laboratory confirmation. Lesions from 5,456 (66.7%) animals tested as positive, and 269 (3.2%) were inconclusive for bovine TB. Logistic regression was used to determine adjusted submission and confirmation risks for each factory while controlling for confounding factors. Factory rankings based on adjusted and crude risks were similar. The average crude submission risk for all the factories was 25 lesions per 10,000 animals slaughtered, ranging from 0 to 52. The crude confirmation risk varied between 30.3% and 91.3%.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Substantial variation in the effectiveness of lesion submission and subsequent confirmation as bovine TB was found among the 37 factories. Compared to previous years (2003-2004), there was an increased bovine TB lesion submission and confirmation risk. Continued monitoring of the effectiveness of slaughter surveillance in Ireland is recommended; emphasis should be placed on efforts to improve bovine TB surveillance in factories with lower rankings.</p

Membrane-protein interactions in mechanosensitive channels

In this paper, we examine the mechanical role of the lipid bilayer in ion channel conformation and function with specific reference to the case of the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL). In a recent paper (Wiggins and Phillips, 2004), we argued that mechanotransduction very naturally arises from lipid-protein interactions by invoking a simple analytic model of the MscL channel and the surrounding lipid bilayer. In this paper, we focus on improving and expanding this analytic framework for studying lipid-protein interactions with special attention to MscL. Our goal is to generate simple scaling relations which can be used to provide qualitative understanding of the role of membrane mechanics in protein function and to quantitatively interpret experimental results. For the MscL channel, we find that the free energies induced by lipid-protein interaction are of the same order as the free energy differences between conductance states measured by Sukharev et al. (1999). We therefore conclude that the mechanics of the bilayer plays an essential role in determining the conformation and function of the channel. Finally, we compare the predictions of our model to experimental results from the recent investigations of the MscL channel by Perozo et al. (2002), Powl et al. (2003), Yoshimura et al. (2004), and others and suggest a suite of new experiments

Emissions and topographic effects on column CO2 (XCO2) variations, with a focus on the Southern California Megacity

Within the California South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB), XCO2 varies significantly due to atmospheric dynamics and the nonuniform distribution of sources. XCO2 measurements within the basin have seasonal variation compared to the “background” due primarily to dynamics, or the origins of air masses coming into the basin. We observe basin‐background differences that are in close agreement for three observing systems: Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) 2.3 ± 1.2 ppm, Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) 2.4 ± 1.5 ppm, and Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite 2.4 ± 1.6 ppm (errors are 1σ). We further observe persistent significant differences (∼0.9 ppm) in XCO2 between two TCCON sites located only 9 km apart within the SoCAB. We estimate that 20% (±1σ confidence interval (CI): 0%, 58%) of the variance is explained by a difference in elevation using a full physics and emissions model and 36% (±1σ CI: 10%, 101%) using a simple, fixed mixed layer model. This effect arises in the presence of a sharp gradient in any species (here we focus on CO2) between the mixed layer (ML) and free troposphere. Column differences between nearby locations arise when the change in elevation is greater than the change in ML height. This affects the fraction of atmosphere that is in the ML above each site. We show that such topographic effects produce significant variation in XCO2 across the SoCAB as well.Plain Language SummaryCities persistently have elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels as compared to surrounding regions. Within a city CO2 levels can also vary significantly at different locations for reasons such as more CO2 being emitted in some parts than others. Elevated column CO2 levels in the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) are in agreement for three observation systems (two satellite and one ground‐based) systems and vary with regional wind patterns throughout the year. In Pasadena, California, within the SoCAB, a significant fraction (about 25%) of variation in the column‐averaged CO2 can be explained by differences in surface altitude. This is important to understand so that all variations in column CO2 within an urban region are not mistakenly interpreted as being from CO2 surface fluxes.Key PointsIn the SoCAB, 20–36% of spatial variance in XCO2 is explained by topography on scales ≲10 kmIn Pasadena, XCO2 is enhanced by 2.3 ± 1.2 (1σ) ppm above background levels, at 1300 (UTC 8) with seasonal variationThe SoCAB XCO2 enhancement is in agreement for 3 different observation sets (TCCON, GOSAT, and OCO‐2)Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137737/1/jgrd53887.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137737/2/jgrd53887_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137737/3/jgrd53887-sup-0001-supinfo.pd

When Does an Episode of Care for Cancer Begin?

Little is known about the medical care resources devoted to diagnosing and treating cancer-related symptoms prior to a definitive cancer diagnosis. Previous research using SEER-Medicare data to measure incremental costs and utilization associated with cancer started with the date of diagnosis. We hypothesized that health care use increases prior to diagnosis of a new primary cancer

Prognostic Implications for Adolescents With Depression Who Drop Out of Psychological Treatment During a Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: High therapy dropout rates among adolescents have been reported, but little is known about whether dropout is associated with poor outcomes. This study aimed to examine clinical outcomes in adolescents with depression who dropped out of psychological therapy and to determine whether this varied by treatment type. METHOD: Data were drawn from the Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (IMPACT) study, a randomized controlled trial, comparing a brief psychosocial intervention, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the treatment of adolescent major depression. The sample comprised 406 adolescents with a diagnosis of major depression, 169 of whom dropped out of treatment before the planned end of therapy. Primary outcome was self-report Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ); secondary outcomes were Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Modified Leyton Obsessional Inventory, and clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: During follow-up, there was a nonsignificant trend for dropouts to report higher depressive symptoms than completers. However, modeling showed insufficient evidence for an association between dropout and outcomes. CONCLUSION: In contrast to studies of adult therapy, there was no strong evidence that adolescent patients who dropped out had poorer clinical outcomes compared with those who completed therapy, when dropout was defined as ending treatment without agreement of the therapist. This challenges us to understand why adolescents stop going to therapy, how dropout should be defined, and whether what is prescribed is what is always needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Improving Mood and Preventing Relapse With Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Cognitive Behavior Therapy; http://www.isrctn.com/; 83033550

In Context: Lessons About Adolescent Unipolar Depression From the Improving Mood With Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies Trial

This review paper summarizes the results of the Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (IMPACT) study and its implications for psychological treatment of adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar major depression. IMPACT was a pragmatic, superiority, randomized controlled trial conducted in the United Kingdom, which compared the clinical and cost-effectiveness of short-term psychoanalytic therapy (STPP), cognitive−behavioral therapy (CBT), and a brief psychosocial intervention (BPI) in reducing depression symptoms in 465 adolescents with unipolar major depression, aged 11 to 17 years. Although this was a clinically heterogeneous group of adolescents, some symptoms (eg, sleep and concentration difficulties, irritability/anger) were common and disabling. The trial reported no significant difference among the 3 treatments in reducing depression symptoms. One year after treatment, 84% of participants showed improvement in depressive symptoms (<50% of baseline symptoms) and improved psychosocial functioning, achieving this through different symptom reduction trajectories. Although participants attended fewer treatment sessions than planned, the 3 treatments were delivered with fidelity to their respective models. Ending treatment without therapist agreement occurred in 37% of cases. This was not associated with outcomes by treatment group. Adolescents emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship in all 3 treatments. Results suggest that although most adolescents respond to time-limited, structured psychological therapy, subgroups of depressed adolescents are likely to need additional treatment or support. These include adolescents who live in complex circumstances and/or who believe that their needs are not met in therapy, some who stop treatment early, and the 16% to 18% of adolescents who do not respond to treatment

Over 200,000 kilometers of free-flowing river habitat in Europe is altered due to impoundments

European rivers are disconnected by more than one million man-made barriers that physically limit aquatic species migration and contribute to modification of freshwater habitats. Here, a Conceptual Habitat Alteration Model for Ponding is developed to aid in evaluating the effects of impoundments on fish habitats. Fish communities present in rivers with low human impact and their broad environmental settings enable classification of European rivers into 15 macrohabitat types. These classifications, together with the estimated fish sensitivity to alteration of their habitat are used for assessing the impacts of six main barrier types (dams, weirs, sluices, culverts, fords, and ramps). Our results indicate that over 200,000 km or 10% of previously free-flowing river habitat has been altered due to impoundments. Although they appear less frequently, dams, weirs and sluices cause much more habitat alteration than the other types. Their impact is regionally diverse, which is a function of barrier height, type and density, as well as biogeographical location. This work allows us to foresee what potential environmental gain or loss can be expected with planned barrier management actions in rivers, and to prioritize management actions

In Context: lessons about adolescent unipolar depression from the improving mood with psychoanalytic and cognitive therapies trial

This review paper summarizes the results of the Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (IMPACT) study and its implications for psychological treatment of adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar major depression. IMPACT was a pragmatic, superiority, randomized controlled trial conducted in the United Kingdom, which compared the clinical and cost-effectiveness of short-term psychoanalytic therapy (STPP), cognitive−behavioral therapy (CBT), and a brief psychosocial intervention (BPI) in reducing depression symptoms in 465 adolescents with unipolar major depression, aged 11 to 17 years. Although this was a clinically heterogeneous group of adolescents, some symptoms (eg, sleep and concentration difficulties, irritability/anger) were common and disabling. The trial reported no significant difference among the 3 treatments in reducing depression symptoms. One year after treatment, 84% of participants showed improvement in depressive symptoms (<50% of baseline symptoms) and improved psychosocial functioning, achieving this through different symptom reduction trajectories. Although participants attended fewer treatment sessions than planned, the 3 treatments were delivered with fidelity to their respective models. Ending treatment without therapist agreement occurred in 37% of cases. This was not associated with outcomes by treatment group. Adolescents emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship in all 3 treatments. Results suggest that although most adolescents respond to time-limited, structured psychological therapy, subgroups of depressed adolescents are likely to need additional treatment or support. These include adolescents who live in complex circumstances and/or who believe that their needs are not met in therapy, some who stop treatment early, and the 16% to 18% of adolescents who do not respond to treatment