Analisis dan Implementasi Iterator Pattern <br>Iterator Pattern Analysis and Implementation

ABSTRAKSI: Iterator pattern merupakan salah satu design pattern yang tergolong ke dalam behavioral pattern. Iterator pattern ini digunakan dalam mengakses sekumpulan objek tanpa menyingkap struktur di dalamnya. Pattern ini mengambil alih mekanisme iterasi ke dalam kelas iterator. Pada tugas akhir ini, dibuat sebuah perangkat lunak yang mengimplementasikan iterator pattern. Untuk mengukur kualitas iterator pattern, dilakukan pengujian serta perhitungan dengan object-oriented metrics dan traditional metrics, aitu WMC, CBO, LCOM, DIT, EXEC, dan MHF. Lalu untuk mengetahui kelebihan dan kekurangan pada iterator pattern, akan dibandingkan hasil perhitungan metrics perangkat lunak yang menerapkan iterator pattern dengan perangkat lunak yang tidak menerapkan iterator pattern untuk kasus yang sama, untuk tugas akhir ini akan digunakan studi kasus Newsreader.Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pengujian, jika dilihat dari perhitungan metrics, maka perangkat lunak dengan iterator pattern memiliki kompleksitas yang lebih tinggi sehingga dibutuhkan usaha lebih besar ketika dilakukan maintenance dibandingkan perangkat lunak tanpa iterator pattern. Namun ketika terjadi penambahan kelas yang menciptakan objek container, untuk menerapkan mekanisme iterasi pada perangkat lunak yang menerapkan iterator pattern lebih mudah dilakukan dan dengan menerapkan iterator pattern akan menyelesaikan masalah enkapsulasi dan efisiensi penulisan kode pada perangkat lunak yang mengimplementasikan mekanisme iterasi di dalamnya.Kata Kunci : design pattern, iterator pattern, dan metrics.ABSTRACT: Iterator pattern is one of a form of design pattern which falls into the behavioral pattern category. Iterator pattern is used in accessing a group of object without exposing its internal structure. This pattern takes over the iteration mechanism into the iterator class. In this final project, a software that implements iterator pattern was made. To measure the quality of iterator pattern, tests and calculations are conducted with object-oriented metrics and traditional metrics, which are WMC, CBO, LCOM, DIT, EXEC, and MHF. To determine the advantages and disadvantages of the iterator pattern, two metrics calculations from two different software are compared which is between the software that implements and does not implements iterator pattern in a same case. For this final project the case study used is known as Newsreader.Based on the analysis and testing, from the metrics calculation, it is shown that software with iterator pattern has a higher complexity resulting in more effort needed to do a maintenance compared to software without iterator pattern. On the other hand, if a there is a class addition that creates an object container, it will be easier to implement iteration mechanism in software with iterator pattern and as well as implementing iterator pattern, will solve encapsulation problem and coding efficiency on software that implementing iteration mechanism in it.Keyword: design pattern, iterator pattern, and metric

Konvergensi Kebijakan Riset dan Inovasi untuk Resiliensi Industri Alat Kesehatan di Indonesia

Latar Belakang: Konvergensi kebijakan riset dan inovasi diharapkan menjadi katalisator resiliensi melalui penguatan kapasitas inovasi industri dan relasi kebaruan pengetahuan penyokong inovasi. Tujuan: Studi kebijakan ini bertujuan menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana riset dan inovasi di Indonesia bergerak sejalan dengan arah kebutuhan resiliensi industri alat kesehatan di era perubahan. Metode: Pendekatan deskriptif-analitik dipergunakan untuk mengeksplorasi fenomena faktual dan menjawab pertanyaan penelitian. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui observasi lapang ke pelaku industri alat kesehatan dan Focus Group Discussion yang melibatkan sejumlah pemangku kepentingan. Data sekunder dari berbagai bersumber selanjutnya dipergunakan untuk memperkuat argumen dalam analisis kebijakan. Hasil: Hasil studi menyimpulkan bahwa ketahanan atau resiliensi industri alat kesehatan ditentukan oleh faktor penguatan kapasitas inovasi dan keterkaitan pengetahuan baru untuk pemunculan inovasi. Kesimpulan: Kebijakan afirmatif ditempuh sebagai opsi keberpihakan terhadap ketahanan industri melalui kesinambungan rantai pasok, penyebaran inovasi, dan keterjangkauan hasil inovasi industri bagi masyarakat

SAM68 is a physiological regulator of SMN2 splicing in spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of motor neurons in patients with null mutations in the SMN1 gene. The almost identical SMN2 gene is unable to compensate for this deficiency because of the skipping of exon 7 during pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) processing. Although several splicing factors can modulate SMN2 splicing in vitro, the physiological regulators of this disease-causing event are unknown. We found that knockout of the splicing factor SAM68 partially rescued body weight and viability of SMAΔ7 mice. Ablation of SAM68 function promoted SMN2 splicing and expression in SMAΔ7 mice, correlating with amelioration of SMA-related defects in motor neurons and skeletal muscles. Mechanistically, SAM68 binds to SMN2 pre-mRNA, favoring recruitment of the splicing repressor hnRNP A1 and interfering with that of U2AF65 at the 3' splice site of exon 7. These findings identify SAM68 as the first physiological regulator of SMN2 splicing in an SMA mouse model

Birth of spinal muscular atrophy unaffected baby from genetically at-risk parents following a pre-implantation genetic screening: A case report

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by the homozygous deletion of the survival motor neuron-1 gene. Pre-implantation genetic testing for monogenic diseases through in-vitro fertilization program was developed to provide a reliable genetic diagnostic method for SMA. Case presentation: The couple who was confirmed as carriers of SMA visited the Morula IVF Clinic, Jakarta, Indenesia seeking for an in-vitro fertilization expert opinion in relation to the pre-implantation genetic testing for SMA. Utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, we have successfully screened for unaffected embryos that were characterized by a normal presence of the survival motor neuron-1 exon 7-8 and survival motor neuron-2 exon 7-8. The frozen embryo was subsequently transferred and a healthy unaffected female baby was born with undetected deletion of the survival motor neuron-1 gene. Conclusion: This successful embryo pre-implantation screening case could potentially accommodate the demands of genetically at-risk couples who are apprehensive about conceiving a child who might inherit monogenic disorders such as SMA

Validation of a high resolution NGS method for detecting spinal muscular atrophy carriers among phase 3 participants in the 1000 Genomes Project

BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common pan-ethnic cause of early childhood death due to mutations in a single gene, SMN1. Most chromosome 5 homologs have a functional gene and dysfunctional copy, SMN2, with a single synonymous base substitution that results in faulty RNA splicing. However, the copy number of SMN1 and SMN2 is highly variable, and one in 60 adults worldwide are SMA carriers. Although population-wide screening is recommended, current SMA carrier tests have not been incorporated into targeted gene panels. METHODS: Here we describe a novel computational protocol for determining SMA carrier status based solely on individual exome data. Our method utilizes a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify an individual’s carrier probability given only his or her SMN1 and SMN2 reads at six loci of interest. RESULTS: We find complete concordance with results obtained with the current qPCR-based testing standard in known SMA carriers and affecteds. We applied our protocol to the phase 3 cohort of the 1,000 Genomes Project and found carrier frequencies in multiple populations consistent with the present literature. CONCLUSION: Our process is a convenient, robust alternative to qPCR, which can easily be integrated into the analysis of large multi-gene NGS carrier screens. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0246-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Bilingual advantage over monolinguals

Cross-linguistic study on dual-language code switchers discrepancy