Pré-Tratamento Químico e Caracterização do Bagaço da Cana: uma Perspectiva para Produção de Etanol a partir de Resíduos Agroindustriais / Chemical Pre-Treatment and Characterization of Sugarcane Bagasse: A Perspective for Ethanol Production from Agroindustrial Waste

A obtenção de etanol de segunda geração a partir de biomassa é uma alternativa energética sustentável, mas ainda há desafios para torná-la econômica e ambientalmente favorável. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o pré-tratamento químico do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, visando contribuir com a ciência e a tecnologia para o desenvolvimento de técnicas mais eficientes para minimização e reaproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais. Para avaliar a eficiência do pré-tratamento do parênquima do bagaço in natura da cana-de-açúcar, as amostras foram submetidas aos processos de tratamento básico com hidróxido de sódio a 2%, m/v, e combinado com ácido sulfúrico a 1,5%, v/v, em diferentes tempos de aquecimento, a 121 °C em autoclave. Os produtos obtidos foram analisados com relação à composição química e às bandas espectrais no infravermelho. Foi verificado que nas amostras tratadas somente com base houve significativa remoção de lignina e preservação da hemicelulose, com grau de pureza relevante. Conclui-se que este método pode favorecer as etapas subsequentes de hidrólise e fermentação da biomassa e melhorar o rendimento da produção de etanol.

Projeto CTE Jr.: criação de uma empresa júnior multidisciplinar

Promover novas competências ao aproximar os alunos do ensino superior da realidade social, mercadológica, econômica e ambiental da comunidade é finalidade de uma Empresa Junior (EJ). Este trabalho é um relato de experiência do projeto de criação de uma EJ multidisciplinar, denominada “Ciência, Tecnologia e Engenharia Júnior (CTE Jr.)”, na Universidade Federal do Maranhão/Campus Balsas. Objetiva atender aos cursos de graduação desta unidade acadêmica a partir de uma experiência empreendedora, visando contribuir no processo formativo dos alunos. A operacionalização do trabalho envolveu atividades como aquisição de estrutura física, seleção de alunos, treinamentos, pesquisas no ambiente interno e externo, constituição jurídica da empresa e ações colaborativas. Como resultado, o planejamento do negócio foi feito, o regimento e o estatuto foram aprovados e o Cadastro Nacional de Pessoa Jurídica realizado. Além disso, o grupo de alunos se engajou na organização de eventos durante as semanas de meio ambiente e de ciência e tecnologia. Com essas atividades, os alunos enfrentaram situações que exigiram métodos de organização interna, atitudes empreendedoras e aplicação de conhecimentos adquiridos no curso

Projeto CTE Jr.: criação de uma empresa júnior multidisciplinar

Promover novas competências ao aproximar os alunos do ensino superior da realidade social, mercadológica, econômica e ambiental da comunidade é finalidade de uma Empresa Junior (EJ). Este trabalho é um relato de experiência do projeto de criação de uma EJ multidisciplinar, denominada “Ciência, Tecnologia e Engenharia Júnior (CTE Jr.)”, na Universidade Federal do Maranhão/Campus Balsas. Objetiva atender aos cursos de graduação desta unidade acadêmica a partir de uma experiência empreendedora, visando contribuir no processo formativo dos alunos. A operacionalização do trabalho envolveu atividades como aquisição de estrutura física, seleção de alunos, treinamentos, pesquisas no ambiente interno e externo, constituição jurídica da empresa e ações colaborativas. Como resultado, o planejamento do negócio foi feito, o regimento e o estatuto foram aprovados e o Cadastro Nacional de Pessoa Jurídica realizado. Além disso, o grupo de alunos se engajou na organização de eventos durante as semanas de meio ambiente e de ciência e tecnologia. Com essas atividades, os alunos enfrentaram situações que exigiram métodos de organização interna, atitudes empreendedoras e aplicação de conhecimentos adquiridos no curso

Projeto CTE Jr.: criação de uma empresa júnior multidisciplinar / CTE Jr. Project: creation of a multidisciplinary junior company

Promover novas competências ao aproximar os alunos do ensino superior da realidade social, mercadológica, econômica e ambiental da comunidade é finalidade de uma Empresa Junior (EJ). Este trabalho é um relato de experiência do projeto de criação de uma EJ multidisciplinar, denominada “Ciência, Tecnologia e Engenharia Júnior (CTE Jr.)”, na Universidade Federal do Maranhão/Campus Balsas. Objetiva atender aos cursos de graduação desta unidade acadêmica a partir de uma experiência empreendedora, visando contribuir no processo formativo dos alunos. A operacionalização do trabalho envolveu atividades como aquisição de estrutura física, seleção de alunos, treinamentos, pesquisas no ambiente interno e externo, constituição jurídica da empresa e ações colaborativas. Como resultado, o planejamento do negócio foi feito, o regimento e o estatuto foram aprovados e o Cadastro Nacional de Pessoa Jurídica realizado. Além disso, o grupo de alunos se engajou na organização de eventos durante as semanas de meio ambiente e de ciência e tecnologia. Com essas atividades, os alunos enfrentaram situações que exigiram métodos de organização interna, atitudes empreendedoras e aplicação de conhecimentos adquiridos no curso

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost