Linguistic and auditory temporal processing in children with specific language impairment

TEMA: diversos estudos sugerem a associação do distúrbio específico de linguagem (DEL) ao déficit no processamento auditivo. Pesquisas fornecem evidência de que a discriminação de estímulos breves estaria comprometida em crianças com DEL. Este déficit levaria a dificuldades em desenvolver habilidades fonológicas necessárias para mapear fonemas e decodificar e codificar palavras e frases efetiva e automaticamente. Entretanto, a correlação entre processamento temporal (PT)e distúrbios de linguagem tem recebido pouca atenção. OBJETIVO: analisar a correlação entre duas as áreas: PT (teste de padrão de freqüência - TPF) e Processamento Lingüístico (complexidade sintática). MÉTODO: Dezesseis crianças com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem (8;9 ± 1;1) e sete crianças diagnosticadas com DEL (8;1 ± 1;2) e participaram de TPF e Testes de Compreensão de Complexidade Sintática (TCCS). RESULTADOS: A porcentagem de acerto no TCCS decresceu com o aumento da complexidade sintática (p < 0,01). Na comparação inter-grupos, a diferença no desempenho no TCCS foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,02). Como esperado, crianças com DEL apresentaram desempenho no TPF fora dos valores de referência.No grupo DEL, as correlações entre os resultados do TPF e do TCCS foram positivas e maiores para frases de alta complexidade sintática (r = 0,97) do que para frases com baixa complexidade sintática (r = 0,51). CONCLUSÃO: Resultados sugerem que o TPF está correlacionado positivamente com habilidades de complexidade sintática. O baixo desempenho no TPF pode servir de um indicativo adicional sobre déficits em processamento lingüístico complexo.Estudos futuros devem considerar, além do aumento da amostra,a análise do efeito do treinamento auditivo temporal de freqüência no desempenho em tarefas de compreensão sintática de alta complexidade.BACKGROUND: several studies suggest the association of specific language impairment (SLI) to deficits in auditory processing.It has been evidenced that children with SLI present deficit in brief stimuli discrimination. Such deficit would lead to difficulties in developing phonological abilities necessary to map phonemes and to effectively and automatically code and decode words and sentences. However, the correlation between temporal processing (TP) and specific deficits in language disorders - such as syntactic comprehension abilities - has received little or no attention. AIM: to analyze the correlation between: TP (through the Frequency Pattern Test - FPT) and Syntactic Complexity Comprehension (through a Sentence Comprehension Task). METHOD: Sixteen children with typical language development (8;9 ± 1;1 years) and seven children with SLI (8;1 ± 1;2 years) participated on the study. RESULTS: Accuracy of both groups decreased with the increase on syntactic complexity (both p < 0.01). On the between groups comparison, performance difference on the Test of Syntactic Complexity Comprehension (TSCC) was statistically significant (p = 0.02).As expected, children with SLI presented FPT performance outside reference values. On the SLI group, correlations between TSCC and FPT were positive and higher for high syntactic complexity (r = 0.97) than for low syntactic complexity (r = 0.51). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that FPT is positively correlated to syntactic complexity comprehension abilities.The low performance on FPT could serve as an additional indicator of deficits in complex linguistic processing. Future studies should consider, besides the increase of the sample, longitudinal studies that investigate the effect of frequency pattern auditory training on performance in high syntactic complexity comprehension tasks

Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Household Cats (Felis silvestris catus)

Background: In Brazil, cats in households has recently increased dramatically, likely due to their lower space and care requirements. We need to know the health of these companion animal species, since they have behavioral patterns that make them an important link in the epidemiological chain. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer strains (ESBL) are resistant to penicillin, cephalosporin and monobactam, but they are susceptible to clavulanate. The goal of this study is to detect strains of Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and evaluate the bacterial resistance profile in isolated cats (Felis silvestris catus) that live in a city located at west of Parana state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Swabs were aseptically collected from the anal orifice and oral cavity of 49 female domestic cats that were healthy upon clinical and physical examination, a minimum age of one year, weighing up to 3 kg, and had attended a veterinary clinic specializing in cats, in order to, later, perform the isolation and bacterial identification, antimicrobial sensibility phenotypic test and the phenotypic test to detect ESBL producer strains. From the 98 swabs collected it was possible to perform the bacterial isolation in 68 samples; 40.81% isolated from anal orifice and 28.57% isolated from oral cavity. From rectal and oral cavities 77.50% and 71.42% of the isolated were identified as Escherichia coli respectively, being 2.94% considered ESBL producer strains. In relation to bacterial resistance the antibiotics that shown more resistance in anal orifice were ampicillin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, sulfazotrim, tetracycline and aztreonam. In oral cavity they were ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, aztreonam, ceftriaxone and nalidixic acid; and the bacterial resistance index shown that 39.70% were considered high level risk.Discussion: Household cats have a very important role in society, since the benefits they provide to their owners are clear, however, it is worth pointing out that these animals also pose risks to human health, caused by the transmission of zoonoses and also the possibility of transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes between bacteria of animal and human origin, as well as between bacteria of the normal microbiota and pathogenic microorganisms of diferents origins. Therefore, it is important to understand the health of these companion animal species, because they exhibit behavioral patterns that make them an important link in the epidemiological chain of potentially infectious microorganisms, which may show antimicrobial resistance. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer strains (ESBL) are resistant to penicillin, cephalosporin and monobactam, but they are susceptible to clavulanate. These enzymes hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring of the antibiotic structure, inactivating them. Nowadays bacterial resistance is considered to be one of the greatest problems in public health worldwide, as infections and diseases outbraks are caused by multiresistant bacteria are more and more frequent. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of strains of Enterobacteriaceae family associated to the high bacterial resistance, with samples that indicate ESBL producer strains in domiciled cats, in a city of west Parana state in Brazil. These results confirm that these cats can be considered as reservoirs of different microbial agents and resistance gens, being a health problem by the possibility of dissemination. The cat population is multiplying in a higher proportion compared to dogs and may probably became predominant in less than one decade. Due this situation and thinking about human, animal and environmental health new phenotypic studies to confirm the resistance gens and ESBL producers should be conducted in this specie

Long-acting insulin analogues for type 1 diabetes : an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background The comparison between long acting insulin analogues (LAIA) and human insulin (NPH) has been investigated for decades, with many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews giving mixed results. This overlapping and contradictory evidence has increased uncertainty on coverage decisions at health systems level. Aim To conduct an overview of systematic reviews and update existing reviews, preparing new meta-analysis to determine whether LAIA are effective for T1D patients compared to NPH.Methods We identified systematic reviews of RCTs that evaluated the efficacy of LAIA glargine or detemir, compared to NPH insulin for T1D, assessing glycated hemoglobin (A1C) and hypoglycemia. Data sources included Pubmed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and hand-searching. The methodological quality of studies was independently assessed by two reviewers, using AMSTAR and Jadad scale. We found 11 eligible systematic reviews that contained a total of 25 relevant clinical trials. Two reviewers independently abstracted data. Results We found evidence that LAIA are efficacious compared to NPH, with estimates showing a reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia episodes (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.57; 0.76) and A1C (95% CI 0.23; 0.12). No significance was found related to severe hypoglycemia (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.71; 1.24). Conclusion This study design has allowed us to carry out the most comprehensive assessment of RCTs on this subject, filling a gap in diabetes research. Our paper addresses a question that is important not only for decision makers but also for clinicians

Association of skeletal muscle and serum metabolites with maximum power output gains in response to continuous endurance or high-intensity interval training programs: The TIMES study - A randomized controlled trial

Recent studies have begun to identify the molecular determinants of inter-individual variability of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in response to exercise training programs. However, we still have an incomplete picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying trainability in response to exercise training. Objective We investigated baseline serum and skeletal muscle metabolomics profile and its associations with maximal power output (MPO) gains in response to 8-week of continuous endurance training (ET) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs matched for total units of exercise performed (the TIMES study). Methods Eighty healthy sedentary young adult males were randomized to one of three groups and 70 were defined as completers (> 90% of sessions): ET (n = 30), HIIT (n = 30) and control (CO, n = 10). For the CO, participants were asked to not exercise for 8 weeks. Serum and skeletal muscle samples were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The targeted screens yielded 43 serum and 70 muscle reproducible metabolites (intraclass > 0.75; coefficient of variation < 25%). Associations of baseline metabolites with MPO trainability were explored within each training program via three analytical strategies: (1) correlations with gains in MPO; (2) differences between high and low responders to ET and HIIT; and (3) metabolites contributions to the most significant pathways related to gains in MPO. The significance level was set at P < 0.01 or false discovery rate of 0.1. Results The exercise programs generated similar gains in MPO (ET = 21.4 +/- 8.0%; HIIT = 24.3 +/- 8.5%). MPO associated baseline metabolites supported by all three levels of evidence were: serum glycerol, muscle alanine, proline, threonine, creatinine, AMP and pyruvate for ET, and serum lysine, phenylalanine, creatine, and muscle glycolate for HIIT. The most common pathways suggested by the metabolite profiles were aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion We suggest that MPO gains in both programs are potentially associated with metabolites indicative of baseline amino acid and translation processes with additional evidence for carbohydrate metabolism in ET142CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP149201/2015-0; 140302/2018-288881.135219/2016-012018/24108-9; 2016/057417Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2018/24108-9, 2016/057417]; Support Fund for Teaching, Research and Extension (FAEPEX) [2021/16]; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [149201/2015-0, 140302/2018-2]; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (PDSE-CAPES) [88881.135219/2016-01]; COBRE center grant from the U.S.A. National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [NIH8 1P30GM118430-02]; NIH-funded COBRE grantUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [NIH 8P30GM118430-01]; National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) [2 U54 GM104940

Avaliação da qualidade de vida e depressão em pacientes com esclerose múltipla em Juiz de Fora / Evaluation ok quality of life and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis in Outside Judge

Introdução: A esclerose múltipla é uma doença desmielinizante do Sistema Nervoso Central, de natureza inflamatória, crônica, progressiva e de causa desconhecida. Esta patologia leva a alterações das funções executivas do ponto de vista cognitivo, por ser uma doença neurológica. Nos casos de esclerose múltipla os déficits cognitivos podem interferir negativamente na qualidade de vida, tendo em vista que as funções executivas são essenciais para autonomia, funcionalidade e adaptação à rotina e novas situações de aprendizagens. Objetivo: Verificar a qualidade de vida e a prevalência da depressão em pacientes com Esclerose Múltipa. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional do tipo transversal a respeito da qualidade de vida e incidência de depressão em pacientes diagnosticados com esclerose múltipla em um centro de apoio do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Foram aplicados três questionários: um Socioeconômico, Determinação Funcional da Qualidade de Vida na Esclerose Múltipla (DEFU) e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck em 12 indivíduos diagnosticados com esclerose múltipla. Resultados: A amostra envolveu 12 pacientes, sendo 83,3% do sexo feminino com idade média de ±34 anos. Os resultados obtidos pela aplicação de DEFU indicaram que 58,3% dos pacientes têm boa qualidade de vida, 41,6% têm qualidade de vida muito boa e nenhum resultado para ruim e ótima. Em relação à depressão, 41,66% não apresentam depressão e 58,34% têm algum grau de depressão. Conclusões: A maioria dos pacientes portadores de EM apresentam boa qualidade de vida, e a prevalência de depressão nesses pacientes é significativa, acometendo mais da metade deles

PERFIL DE CUIDADORES DE LA TERCERA EDADE EN UNA INSTITUCIÓN DE LARGA PERMANENCIA EN IMPERATRIZ, MA

Diante do aumento da oferta de trabalho dos profissionais cuidadores de idosos e da escassez de literatura sobre seu perfil foi realizado um estudo observacional, do tipo transversal com cuidadores formais de uma instituição de longa permanência para idosos no munícipio de Imperatriz – MA. Os objetivos do trabalho foram descrever variáveis sociodemográficas, identificar as dificuldades enfrentadas durante o exercício das atividades laborais, além de avaliar o estado de saúde dos cuidadores. A amostra foi composta por 14 profissionais que auxiliavam os idosos na realização das atividades diárias e aceitaram participar do estudo. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os cuidadores avaliados são em sua maioria mulheres solteiras, com menos de 50 anos de idade, com baixa renda salarial, que receberam algum tipo capacitação para o cuidado dos idosos. Pela análise dos resultados foi possível concluir que os cuidadores necessitam de suporte dos serviços de saúde para prevenir e/ou minimizar a sobrecarga de trabalho e possíveis enfermidades. O estudo também evidencia a importância de se conhecer as dificuldades institucionais vivenciadas pelos cuidadores, buscando enfoque para a reorganização dos serviços de assistência ao idoso institucionalizado.Faced with increased labor supply of caregivers for elderly and the scarce literature about their sociodemographic and clinical profile, observational research was carried out with formal caregivers in a long-term care facility in the city of Imperatriz – MA. The goals were to describe sociodemographic variables, identify difficulties during work activities, and evaluate the health status of caregivers. The sample was composed of 14 professionals who helped the elderly carry out daily activities. Data collection was carried out from April to May 2015 through questionnaires answered individually by caregivers, following a structured script previously tested. The questions were read to the respondents and the answers were filled out by the interviewers. A descriptive technique was used In the statistical analysis. The results evidenced that 42.8% of participants were between 31 and 40 years old, 64.2% were women, 42.8% were single, 50% had personal income of up to one minimum wage, 50% had no complete high school, and 71.42% received some kind of training to care for the elderly. In addition, 64.3% of respondents considered it necessary to receive medical care to check their health status. For the analysis of the results it was concluded that caregivers need support of health services to prevent and/or minimize the workload and possible illnesses. The study also highlights the importance of knowing the institutional difficulties experienced by caregivers, seeking to approach the reorganization of support services for institutionalized elderly.Ante el aumento de la oferta de trabajo de los cuidadores de de la tercera edad y la escasez de su perfil sociodemográfico y clínico, se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional con los cuidadores formales de una Institucione de Larga Permanencia para Mayores en el municipio de Imperatriz – MA. Los objetivos fueron describir las variables sociodemográficas, identificar las dificultades enfrentadas durante la realización de las actividades de trabajo y evaluar el estado de salud de los cuidadores. La muestra se compone de 14 profesionales que ayudaron a las personas mayores en la realización de las actividades diarias y aceptaron participar em el estudio. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo entre abril y mayo de 2015 mediante cuestionarios respondidos de forma individual por el cuidador, a raíz de la escritura estructurada previamente probado. Las preguntas fueron leídas a los encuestados y las respuestas llenas, por extensión, en la forma. En el análisis estadístico, se utilizó la técnica descriptiva. Los resultados mostraron que 42,8% tenía entre 31 y 40 años, 64,2% de los cuidadores eran mujeres; 42,8% eran solteros; 50% tenía ingresos personales de hasta un salario mínimo; 50% no había completado la escuela secundaria y 71,42% recibido algún tipo de formación para el cuidado de los ancianos. Además, 64,3% de los encuestados consideró necesario recibir atención médica para comprobar su estado de salud. Para el análisis de los resultados se concluyó que los cuidadores necesitan apoyo de los servicios de salud para prevenir y/o reducir al mínimo la carga de trabajo y las posibles enfermedades. El estudio también muestra la importancia de conocer las dificultades institucionales que experimentan los cuidadores y centrarse en la reorganización de los servicios de atención para los ancianos institucionalizados

Contribuição do sistema de cultivo microbiológico na fazenda (OnFarm®) no uso racional de antimicrobianos para mastite: um relato na bacia leiteira de Nossa Senhora da Glória - Sergipe / Contribution of the microbiological cultivation system to the farm (OnFarm®) in the rational use of antimicrobials for mastitis: a report in the dairy basin of Nossa Senhora da Gloria - Sergipe

O presente estudo tem como objetivo destacar a contribuição do sistema de cultivo microbiológico na fazenda (OnFarm®) no uso racional de antibióticos no tratamento de animais diagnosticados com mastite. Os animais acometidos com mastite apresentavam úbere com edema, diminuição na produção de leite e secreção purulenta nos primeiros jatos na ordenha. Após constatação dos sinais foram realizadas coletas de amostras de leite dos tetos afetados para identificação dos agentes etiológicos envolvidos no processo inflamatório das glândulas mamárias. Os agentes identificados foram o Staphylococcus não aureus e Serratia spp, sendo então instituído o correto tratamento para a eliminação desses agentes

Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Promote Disease Progression and Induce the Production of Different Cytokines in Macrophages and B-1 Cells

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania can contribute to the establishment of infection and host immunomodulation. In this study, we characterized the shedding of EVs from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes. This species is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and its role during interactions with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal B-1 cells was evaluated. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes cultivated in vitro at different times and temperatures spontaneously released EVs. EVs were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA revealed that the average size of the EVs was approximately 180 nm, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 × 108 to 2.4 × 109 vesicles/mL. In addition, the presence of LPG and GP63 were detected in EVs obtained at different temperatures. Naïve BMDMs stimulated with EVs exhibited increased IL-10 and IL-6 expression. However, incubating B-1 cells with parasite EVs did not stimulate IL-10 expression but led to an increase in the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. After 7 weeks post-infection, animals infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes in the presence of parasite EVs had significant higher parasite load and a polarization to Th2 response, as compared to the group infected with the parasite alone. This work demonstrated that EVs isolated from L. amazonensis promastigotes were able to stimulate macrophages and B-1 cells to express different types of cytokines. Moreover, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs probably contributed to an increase in parasite burden in mice. These findings suggest that the functionality of L. amazonensis EVs on immune system favor of parasite survival and disease progression