Implantació d'un sistema de gestió de la seguretat de la informació a l'ajuntament de Fita Alta

Realització d'un pla director per a un ajuntament que li permeti gestionar de forma adequada la seguretat basada en les "bones pràctiques", en la gestió de la seguretat de la informació de l'ISO/IEC 27002:2013 i en les especificacions per a la implantació d'un sistema de gestió de la seguretat de la informació recollides en l'ISO/IEC 27001:2013. En tractar-se d'un ajuntament d'una administració pública, el pla director també ha d'ajustar-se a les normes jurídiques estatals, autonòmiques i locals que regulen l'ús de les TIC.Realización de un plan director para un ayuntamiento que le permita gestionar de forma adecuada la seguridad basada en las "buenas prácticas", en la gestión de la seguridad de la información de la ISO/IEC 27002:2013 y en las especificaciones para la implantación de un sistema de gestión de la seguridad de la información recogidas en la ISO/IEC 27001:2013. Al tratarse de un ayuntamiento de una administración pública, el plan director también debe ajustarse a las normas jurídicas estatales, autonómicas y locales que regulan el uso de las TIC.ISO/IEC 27001Realization of a master plan for a city council to allow it to manage appropriately based security "best practices" in the management of information security ISO/IEC 27002: 2013 and the specifications for the implementation of a safety management system of information contained in the ISO/IEC 27001:2013. Being a city council a public administration, the master plan must also conform to legal national, regional and local government standards in the use of ICT.ISO/IEC 2700

Evolution, ecology and conservation-revisiting three decades of Arctic fox population genetic research

Three decades have passed since the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) was first put into a population genetic perspective. With the aim of addressing how microevolution operates on different biological levels, we here review genetic processes in the Arctic fox at the level of species, populations and individuals. Historical and present dispersal patterns, especially in the presence of sea ice, are the most powerful factors that create a highly homogeneous genetic structure across the circumpolar distribution, with low detectable divergence between the coastal and lemming ecotypes. With dispersal less pronounced or absent, other processes emerge; populations that are currently isolated, for example, because of the lack of sea ice, are genetically divergent. Moreover, small populations generally display signatures of genetic drift, inbreeding, inbreeding depression and, under specific situations, hybridization with domestic fox breeds. Mating system and social organization in the Arctic fox appear to be determined by the ecological context, with complex mating patterns and social groups being more common under resource-rich conditions. In isolated populations, complex social groups and inbreeding avoidance have been documented. We emphasize the value of genetic data to decipher many previously unknown aspects of Arctic fox biology, while these data also raise numerous questions that remain unanswered. Pronounced intra-specific ecological variation makes the Arctic fox an ideal study organism for population genetic processes and the emergence of functional genomics will generate an even deeper understanding of evolution, ecology and conservation issues for several species

Consequences of past climate change and recent human persecution on mitogenomic diversity in the arctic fox

Ancient DNA provides a powerful means to investigate the timing, rate and extent of population declines caused by extrinsic factors, such as past climate change and human activities. One species probably affected by both these factors is the arctic fox, which had a large distribution during the last glaciation that subsequently contracted at the start of the Holocene. More recently, the arctic fox population in Scandinavia went through a demographic bottleneck owing to human persecution. To investigate the consequences of these processes, we generated mitogenome sequences from a temporal dataset comprising Pleistocene, historical and modern arctic fox samples. We found no evidence that Pleistocene populations in mid-latitude Europe or Russia contributed to the present-day gene pool of the Scandinavian population, suggesting that postglacial climate warming led to local population extinctions. Furthermore, during the twentieth-century bottleneck in Scandinavia, at least half of the mitogenome haplotypes were lost, consistent with a 20-fold reduction in female effective population size. In conclusion, these results suggest that the arctic fox in mainland Western Europe has lost genetic diversity as a result of both past climate change and human persecution. Consequently, it might be particularly vulnerable to the future Challenges posed by climate change. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The past is a Foreign country: how much can the fossil record actually inform conservation?’publishedVersio

Genomic trajectories of a near-extinction event in the Chatham Island black robin

Abstract Background: Understanding the micro-­evolutionary response of populations to demographic declines is a major goal in evolutionary and conservation biology. In small populations, genetic drift can lead to an accumulation of deleterious mutations, which will increase the risk of extinction. However, demographic recovery can still occur after extreme declines, suggesting that natural selection may purge deleterious mutations, even in extremely small populations. The Chatham Island black robin (Petroica traversi) is arguably the most inbred bird species in the world. It avoided imminent extinction in the early 1980s and after a remarkable recovery from a single pair, a second population was established and the two extant populations have evolved in complete isolation since then. Here, we analysed 52 modern and historical genomes to examine the genomic consequences of this extreme bottleneck and the subsequent translocation. Results: We found evidence for two-fold decline in heterozygosity and three- to four-fold increase in inbreeding in modern genomes. Moreover, there was partial support for temporal reduction in total load for detrimental variation. In contrast, compared to historical genomes, modern genomes showed a significantly higher realised load, reflecting the temporal increase in inbreeding. Furthermore, the translocation induced only small changes in the frequency of deleterious alleles, with the majority of detrimental variation being shared between the two populations. Conclusions: Our results highlight the dynamics of mutational load in a species that recovered from the brink of extinction, and show rather limited temporal changes in mutational load. We hypothesise that ancestral purging may have been facilitated by population fragmentation and isolation on several islands for thousands of generations and may have already reduced much of the highly deleterious load well before human arrival and introduction of pests to the archipelago. The majority of fixed deleterious variation was shared between the modern populations, but translocation of individuals with low mutational load could possibly mitigate further fixation of high-frequency deleterious variation