Proaktive und gestaltende Governance in periurbanen Gemeinden

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit untersucht, wie periurbane Gemeinden in der Schweiz Herausforderungen transversaler Art wie beispielsweise Bevölkerungswachstum, Klimawandel, Erhaltung der Artenvielfalt und Überalterung der Bevölkerung proaktiv und wirkungsvoll angehen können. Gemeinden spielen bei der Umsetzung von Strategien zu transversalen Themen eine wichtige Rolle, weshalb die Erwartungen an einen zeitgemässen Dienstleistungsbetrieb stetig zunehmen. Um diesen Erwartungen gerecht zu werden, ist es das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, adäquate Governance-Instrumente zu erarbeiten, die den Gemeinden helfen, proaktiv und wirkungsvoll mit diesen Herausforderungen umzugehen. Dazu werden die folgenden drei Forschungsfragen gestellt: «Welche Herausforderungen gibt es beim Angehen von transversalen Themen?», «Welche Steuerungsinstrumente gibt es zum Angehen von transversalen Themen und welche Herausforderungen werden damit angegangen?» und «Welche dieser Steuerungsinstrumente werden in den Gemeinden angewendet und wo besteht Optimierungspotenzial?». Um diese Forschungsfragen zu beantworten, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine qualitativ orientierte Studie durchgeführt. In einem ersten Schritt wurden mittels Experteninterviews die Herausforderungen erfasst, denen Gemeinden bei der Umsetzung von Projekten mit transversalem Charakter gegenüberstehen. Anhand dieser Herausforderungen wurden im zweiten Schritt geeignete Steuerungsinstrumente recherchiert, erörtert und zu einem Instrumentenkoffer zusammengefasst. Im letzten Schritt wurde die Anwendung dieser Steuerungsinstrumente in vier periurbanen Schwyzer Gemeinden überprüft und Optimierungspotenzial aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass die Herausforderungen beim Angehen transversaler Themen in den Bereichen Themenkomplexität, Ressourcenbeschränkung, Gemeindeorganisation, Verwaltungskultur und Umsetzung liegen. Der daraus entwickelte Instrumentenkoffer mit Steuerungsinstrumenten in den Kategorien Organisationsentwicklung, Strategieebene, Personalmanagement, Partizipation, externe Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation bietet den Gemeinden eine Orientierungshilfe. Die Analyse der Anwendung von Steuerungsinstrumenten in den vier Gemeinden zeigt eine variable Nutzung dieser Instrumente. Verbesserungspotenziale konnten im Bereich des Personalmanagements, der Partizipation und der Organisationsentwicklung identifiziert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde die externe Zusammenarbeit in allen untersuchten Gemeinden effektiv gesteuert. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Resultate, dass es Bemühungen im Sinne einer Ergänzung von Strukturen und Praktiken auf Gemeindeebene braucht, die angestrebte Governance jedoch nicht im Widerspruch zu ihrer aktuellen Organisation und Arbeitsweise steht.This master thesis examines how periurban municipalities in Switzerland can proactively and effectively address challenges of a transversal nature, such as population growth, climate change, biodiversity conservation, and population aging. Municipalities play an important role in implementing strategies on transversal issues, which is why the expectations for a contemporary service operation are constantly increasing. To meet these expectations, the aim of this thesis is to elaborate adequate governance tools that help municipalities to proactively and effectively deal with these challenges. To this aim, the following three research questions are posed: "What are the challenges in addressing transversal issues?", "What governance tools exist to address transversal issues and what challenges do they address?", and "Which of these governance tools are used in municipalities and where is there potential for optimization?". To answer these research questions, a qualitatively oriented study was conducted in this paper. In a first step, expert interviews were used to record the challenges that municipalities face when implementing projects with a transversal character. Based on these challenges, suitable steering instruments were researched, discussed and compiled into a toolbox in the second step. In the last step, the application of these steering instruments in four periurban municipalities in the canton of Schwyz was reviewed and optimization potential was identified. The results of the study show that the challenges in addressing transversal issues lie in the areas of issue complexity, resource constraints, community organization, organizational culture and implementation. The resulting toolbox of steering instruments covering the categories of organizational development, strategy level, human resource management, participation, external collaboration and communication offers guidance to municipalities. The analysis of the application of steering instruments in the four communities shows a variable use of these instruments. Potential for improvement was identified in the areas of human resource management, participation and organizational development. In contrast, external collaboration was effectively managed in all municipalities studied. In summary, the results show that efforts are needed in terms of complementing structures and practices at the municipal level, but that the desired governance does not contradict their current organization and mode of operation

A multiplex-system to target 16 male-specific and 15 autosomal genetic markers for orang-utans (genus: Pongo )

Genetic studies of dispersal on local spatial and short temporal scales require a large number of autosomal microsatellites. However, the study of dispersal over large spatial scales and the resolution of deep evolutionary histories require marker systems that are preferentially inherited through the male or female line. Addressing such questions in endangered orang-utans (genus: Pongo) bears significant relevance to species conservation, as habitat destruction and fragmentation pose a significant threat to the whole genus. Here, we report 16 male-specific markers (nine human-derived microsatellites, six single nucleotide and one insertion-deletion polymorphisms), and 15 novel Pongo-derived autosomal microsatellite loci. All 31 markers can be amplified in four multiplex polymerase chain reactions even in DNA derived from faecal material. The markers can be applied to studying a wide range of important questions in this genus, such as conservation genetics, social structure, phylogeny and phylogeograph

Quantifying inbreeding avoidance through extra-pair reproduction

© 2014 The Author(s). Evolution © 2014 The Society for the Study of Evolution.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Multi-generation genetic contributions of immigrants reveal cryptic elevated and sex-biased effective gene flow within a natural meta-population

We thank the Tsawout and Tseycum First Nations Bands for allowing access to X̱OX̱ DEȽ (Mandarte); everyone who contributed to long-term data collection; NSERC (Canada), the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Research Council of Norway (SFF-III, project 223257) and NTNU for funding; and Bob O’Hara for helpful discussions on analyses.Peer reviewe

Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? : Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation

Acknowledgements We thank the Tsawout and Tseycum First Nations Bands for allowing access to Mandarte, everyone who contributed to long-term data collection, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Canada (NSERC), the Swiss National Science Foundation (recently P400PB-180870), the Research Council of Norway (SFF-III, project 223257) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) for funding.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

⁠Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation

Immigration into small recipient populations is expected to alleviate inbreeding and increase genetic variation, and hence facilitate population persistence through genetic and/or evolutionary rescue. Such expectations depend on three standard assumptions: that immigrants are outbred, unrelated to existing natives at arrival, and unrelated to each other. These assumptions are rarely explicitly verified, including in key field systems in evolutionary ecology. Yet, they could be violated due to non-random or repeated immigration from adjacent small populations. We combined molecular genetic marker data for 150-160 microsatellite loci with comprehensive pedigree data to test the three assumptions for a song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population that is a model system for quantifying effects of inbreeding and immigration in the wild. Immigrants were less homozygous than existing natives on average, with mean homozygosity that closely resembled outbred natives. Immigrants can therefore be considered outbred on the focal population scale. Comparisons of homozygosity of real or hypothetical offspring of immigrant-native, native-native and immigrant-immigrant pairings implied that immigrants were typically unrelated to existing natives and to each other. Indeed, immigrants’ offspring would be even less homozygous than outbred individuals on the focal population scale. The three standard assumptions of population genetic and evolutionary theory were consequently largely validated. Yet, our analyses revealed some deviations that should be accounted for in future analyses of heterosis and inbreeding depression, implying that the three assumptions should be verified in other systems to probe patterns of non-random or repeated dispersal and facilitate precise and unbiased estimation of key evolutionary parameters

Sex-specific additive genetic variances and correlations for fitness in a song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population subject to natural immigration and inbreeding

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Tsawout and Tseycum First Nation bands for access to Mandarte and everyone who contributed to the long-term data collection. We thank the European Research Council for funding and the University of Aberdeen for generous access to the Maxwell High Performance Computing cluster. Pierre de Villemereuil, Michael B. Morrissey, and Jarrod D. Hadfield provided enlightening discussions during manuscript preparation. Joel McGlothlin and two anonymous reviewers provided further helpful comments. DATA ARCHIVING Data have been archived in the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.p7p1jb3 (Wolak et al. 2018).Peer reviewedPostprintPostprintPublisher PD

A NARRATIVE IN RELIEF The Historiography of English Modern Painting (1910-1915), from the 1910s to the 1950s

The groups of painters in England who experimented with new visual expressions of modernity between 1910 and 1915 are the subject of this historiographical research. More precisely, the accounts of Vorticism, Bloomsbury post-Impressionism and the modern art of painters associated with Sickert, (principally the Camden Town Group), have been critically examined over a forty year period in order to trace the narrative of their place in contemporary art criticism and their entry into histories of what soon became the recent past. This textually-based methodology has produced an insight into the forces acting upon the critical reception of a particular period subsequently seen by historians as a discrete phase in the evolution of British art. The readings of texts are organised chronologically so as to illustrate the formation of a historical narrative and its variants, and to show how immediate responses and retrospective evaluations connect discursively. The findings of the research have four aspects. Firstly, it has been fruitful to isolate the narrative of the years 1910-15 over forty years so as to test whether it is possible, using this longitudinal methodology, to comment productively on the integrity of this historical episode, and to establish how the narrative became a critical orthodoxy governed by a limited range of analytical perspectives. Secondly, estimations as to the quality of the art produced in these years developed a distinct, often negative, patterning in journalism and art historical writing and this is also traced in some detail over time. Dominant tropes in the critical language have been identified over this forty year period which became the default positions of historical analysis and which, I argue, impeded sophisticated or revisionist thinking. With a few notable exceptions, the analysis of early English modern art is poorly served by its commentators in this period and this weakened discursive health. Thirdly, this thesis also considers the nature and influence of, periodicals, newspapers, 'little magazines' and the genres of art-writing that were extant between 1910 and 1956 and relates this to the distinctions and similarities between art criticism and art history at this time. A fourth analytic strand concerns outside influences on the production of critical and historical texts. lt explores the impact of promotional art writing, and exposes the professional pressures on, and rivalries between, writers and considers some of the wider political circumstances through which this particular debate on recent art was refracted

Immigration counter-acts local micro-evolution of a major fitness component : migration-selection balance in free-living song sparrows

Acknowledgements: We thank the Tsawout and Tseycum First Nations Bands for allowing access to Mandarte, everyone who contributed to long-term data collection, NSERC (Canada), the Swiss National Science Foundation (recently P400PB-180870), the Research Council of Norway (SFF-III, project 223257) and NTNU for funding. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Variation in parent-offspring kinship in socially monogamous systems with extra-pair reproduction and inbreeding

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the Tsawout and Tseycum First Nations bands for allowing access to Mandarte; everyone who contributed to long-term data collection; Lukas Keller and Ryan Germain for helpful discussions; and the European Research Council, UK Royal Society, National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and Swiss National Science Foundation for their invaluable support. DATA ARCHIVING Data are available from the Dryad Digital Repository: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4r383.Peer reviewedPublisher PD