Was schafft v(V)ertrauen? Schulung einmal anders

Es besteht eine Diskrepanz zwischen den Werten und den Konsumgewohnheiten. Ziel ist es, zu diskutieren, ob eine kreative, involvierende Art und Weise mehrere Ebenen der Kommunikation und Beziehung anspricht, um eine vertrauensvolle Beziehung zwischen Akteuren zu schaffen

Methane-carbon flow into the benthic food web at cold seeps – a case study from the Costa Rica subduction zone

Cold seep ecosystems can support enormous biomasses of free-living and symbiotic chemoautotrophic organisms that get their energy from the oxidation of methane or sulfide. Most of this biomass derives from animals that are associated with bacterial symbionts, which are able to metabolize the chemical resources provided by the seeping fluids. Often these systems also harbor dense accumulations of non-symbiotic megafauna, which can be relevant in exporting chemosynthetically fixed carbon from seeps to the surrounding deep sea. Here we investigated the carbon sources of lithodid crabs (Paralomis sp.) feeding on thiotrophic bacterial mats at an active mud volcano at the Costa Rica subduction zone. To evaluate the dietary carbon source of the crabs, we compared the microbial community in stomach contents with surface sediments covered by microbial mats. The stomach content analyses revealed a dominance of epsilonproteobacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences related to the free-living and epibiotic sulfur oxidiser Sulfurovum sp. We also found Sulfurovum sp. as well as members of the genera Arcobacter and Sulfurimonas in mat-covered surface sediments where Epsilonproteobacteria were highly abundant constituting 10% of total cells. Furthermore, we detected substantial amounts of bacterial fatty acids such as i-C15:0 and C17:1ω6c with stable carbon isotope compositions as low as −53‰ in the stomach and muscle tissue. These results indicate that the white microbial mats at Mound 12 are comprised of Epsilonproteobacteria and that microbial mat-derived carbon provides an important contribution to the crab's nutrition. In addition, our lipid analyses also suggest that the crabs feed on other 13C-depleted organic matter sources, possibly symbiotic megafauna as well as on photosynthetic carbon sources such as sedimentary detritus

Metabolically active microbial communities in marine sediment under high-CO2 and low-pH extremes

Sediment-hosting hydrothermal systems in the Okinawa Trough maintain a large amount of liquid, supercritical and hydrate phases of CO2 in the seabed. The emission of CO2 may critically impact the geochemical, geophysical and ecological characteristics of the deep-sea sedimentary environment. So far it remains unclear whether microbial communities that have been detected in such high-CO2 and low-pH habitats are metabolically active, and if so, what the biogeochemical and ecological consequences for the environment are. In this study, RNA-based molecular approaches and radioactive tracer-based respiration rate assays were combined to study the density, diversity and metabolic activity of microbial communities in CO2-seep sediment at the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field of the southern Okinawa Trough. In general, the number of microbes decreased sharply with increasing sediment depth and CO2 concentration. Phylogenetic analyses of community structure using reverse-transcribed 16S ribosomal RNA showed that the active microbial community became less diverse with increasing sediment depth and CO2 concentration, indicating that microbial activity and community structure are sensitive to CO2 venting. Analyses of RNA-based pyrosequences and catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization data revealed that members of the SEEP-SRB2 group within the Deltaproteobacteria and anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME-2a and -2c) were confined to the top seafloor, and active archaea were not detected in deeper sediments (13–30 cm in depth) characterized by high CO2. Measurement of the potential sulfate reduction rate at pH conditions of 3–9 with and without methane in the headspace indicated that acidophilic sulfate reduction possibly occurs in the presence of methane, even at very low pH of 3. These results suggest that some members of the anaerobic methanotrophs and sulfate reducers can adapt to the CO2-seep sedimentary environment; however, CO2 and pH in the deep-sea sediment were found to severely impact the activity and structure of the microbial community

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Ein Knowledge Graph für wissenschaftliche Sammlungen : Generierung von Linked Open Data für heterogene museale Sammlungen auf der Basis des ASCH-Modells

Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert eine prototypische Anwendung zur besseren Sichtbarkeit und Verfügbarkeit musealer Sammlungen im Semantic Web. Es wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das die LIDO-XML-Metadaten, die die Sammlungsobjekte der wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen beschreiben, in Linked Open Data (LOD) umwandelt und in einem Triplestore bereitstellt. Der dargestellte Ansatz sowie die Umsetzung eignen sich zur Nachnutzung auch durch kleinere museale Einrichtungen ohne vertiefte Semantic-Web-Erfahrung. Als Basis für die Generierung der RDF Statements dient das ASCH-Modell, ein unlängst entwickeltes RDF-Datenmodell für heterogene museale Sammlungen, dessen Proof of Concept ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit darstellt. Für die Datenanalyse werden die Quelldaten in eine XML-Datenbank importiert und mit XPath und XQuery untersucht. Die Konvertierung der Daten in das Serialisierungsformat RDF/XML erfolgt anhand eines XSLT-Stylesheets. Außerdem werden die Daten in das RDF-Format Turtle überführt und in einen mit SPARQL abfragbaren Triplestore geladen. Die für die Umsetzung notwendigen Komponenten der Abfrage- und Programmiersprachen sowie der Tools werden anhand von Beispielen erläutert. Die Bereitstellung des Knowledge Graph erfolgt unter Beachtung der Linked Data Principles und der vom World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) veröffentlichten Best Practices for Publishing Linked Data. Ferner finden die besonderen Anforderungen des Kulturerbesektors, insbesondere der wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen, Berücksichtigung.This thesis provides a prototypical application for better visibility and availability of museum collections in the Semantic Web. A method is presented that transforms the LIDO-XML metadata, which describe the objects of the academic collections of the Georg-August-University Göttingen, into Linked Open Data (LOD) and publishes it in a triplestore. The illustrated approach and the implementation are suitable for reuse also by smaller museums without deepened Semantic Web experience. The basis for the LOD generation is the ASCH model, a recently developed RDF data model for heterogeneous museum collections. Its proof of concept is another goal of this thesis. For data analysis, the source data is imported into an XML database and examined with XPath and XQuery. The data conversion into RDF/XML is realized by an XSLT style sheet. In addition, the data is converted into Turtle and published in a triplestore enabling networking with external databases by means of SPARQL. The components of the query and programming languages and the tools necessary for the implementation are explained by examples. The Knowledge Graph adheres to the Linked Data Principles and the W3C Best Practices for Publishing Linked Data. Furthermore, the requirements of the cultural heritage sector, in particular the scientific collections, are considered