Postcardiac arrest syndrome: from immediate resuscitation to long-term outcome

The prognosis for postcardiac arrest patients remains very bleak, not only because of anoxic-ischemic neurological damage, but also because of the "postcardiac arrest syndrome," a phenomenon often severe enough to cause death before any neurological evaluation. This syndrome includes all clinical and biological manifestations related to the phenomenon of global ischemia-reperfusion triggered by cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation. The main component of the postcardiac arrest syndrome is an early but severe cardiocirculatory dysfunction that may lead to multiple organ failure and death

Plasma thioredoxin levels during post-cardiac arrest syndrome: relationship with severity and outcome

International audienceIntroductionDespite experimental evidence, clinical demonstration of acute state of oxidative stress and inflammation during post-cardiac arrest syndrome is lacking. Plasma level of thioredoxin (TRX), a redox-active protein induced under conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation, is increased in various critical care conditions. We determined plasma TRX concentrations after cardiac arrest and assessed relationships with severity and outcome.MethodsRetrospective study of consecutive patients admitted to a single academic intensive care unit (ICU) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (between July 2006 and March 2008). Plasma levels of TRX were measured at admission, day (D) 1, 2 and 3.ResultsOf 176 patients included, median TRX values measured in ICU survivors and non-survivors were, respectively: 22 ng/mL (7.8 to 77) vs. 72.4 (21.9 to 117.9) at admission (P TRX levels on admission were significantly correlated with 'low-flow' duration (P = 0.003), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (P ConclusionsOur data show for the first time that TRX levels were elevated early following cardiac arrest, suggestive of oxidative stress and inflammation occurring with this condition. Highest values were found in the most severe patients. TRX could be a useful tool for further exploration and comprehension of post-cardiac arrest syndrome

Six-Month Survival After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe COVID-19

Objectives: The authors evaluated the outcome of adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Design: Multicenter retrospective, observational study. Setting: Ten tertiary referral university and community hospitals. Participants: Patients with confirmed severe COVID-19-related ARDS. Interventions: Venovenous or venoarterial ECMO. Measurements and Main Results: One hundred thirty-two patients (mean age 51.1 +/- 9.7 years, female 17.4%) were treated with ECMO for confirmed severe COVID-19-related ARDS. Before ECMO, the mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 10.1 +/- 4.4, mean pH was 7.23 +/- 0.09, and mean PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio was 77 +/- 50 mmHg. Venovenous ECMO was adopted in 122 patients (92.4%) and venoarterial ECMO in ten patients (7.6%) (mean duration, 14.6 +/- 11.0 days). Sixty-three (47.7%) patients died on ECMO and 70 (53.0%) during the index hospitalization. Six-month all-cause mortality was 53.0%. Advanced age (per year, hazard ratio [HR] 1.026, 95% CI 1.000-1-052) and low arterial pH (per unit, HR 0.006, 95% CI 0.000-0.083) before ECMO were the only baseline variables associated with increased risk of six-month mortality. Conclusions: The present findings suggested that about half of adult patients with severe COVID-19 -related ARDS can be managed successfully with ECMO with sustained results at six months. Decreased arterial pH before ECMO was associated significantly with early mortality. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that initiation of ECMO therapy before severe metabolic derangements subset may improve survival rates significantly in these patients. These results should be viewed in the light of a strict patient selection policy and may not be replicated in patients with advanced age or multiple comorbidities. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.Peer reviewe

Six-Month Survival After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe COVID-19

ObjectivesThe authors evaluated the outcome of adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).DesignMulticenter retrospective, observational study.SettingTen tertiary referral university and community hospitals.ParticipantsPatients with confirmed severe COVID-19–related ARDS.InterventionsVenovenous or venoarterial ECMO.Measurements and Main ResultsOne hundred thirty-two patients (mean age 51.1 ± 9.7 years, female 17.4%) were treated with ECMO for confirmed severe COVID-19–related ARDS. Before ECMO, the mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 10.1 ± 4.4, mean pH was 7.23 ± 0.09, and mean PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio was 77 ± 50 mmHg. Venovenous ECMO was adopted in 122 patients (92.4%) and venoarterial ECMO in ten patients (7.6%) (mean duration, 14.6 ± 11.0 days). Sixty-three (47.7%) patients died on ECMO and 70 (53.0%) during the index hospitalization. Six-month all-cause mortality was 53.0%. Advanced age (per year, hazard ratio [HR] 1.026, 95% CI 1.000-1-052) and low arterial pH (per unit, HR 0.006, 95% CI 0.000-0.083) before ECMO were the only baseline variables associated with increased risk of six-month mortality.ConclusionsThe present findings suggested that about half of adult patients with severe COVID-19–related ARDS can be managed successfully with ECMO with sustained results at six months. Decreased arterial pH before ECMO was associated significantly with early mortality. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that initiation of ECMO therapy before severe metabolic derangements subset may improve survival rates significantly in these patients. These results should be viewed in the light of a strict patient selection policy and may not be replicated in patients with advanced age or multiple comorbidities. Clinical Trial Registration: identifier, NCT04383678.</p

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Ultrafast cooling with total liquid ventilation and ischemia-inducec multiorgan failure

Étude expérimentale de l'hypothermie ultra-rapide par ventilation liquide totale au cours de situations critiques d'ischémie-reperfusionL’ischémie-reperfusion est une situation rencontrée de façon pluri-quotidienne en anesthésie-réanimation. Sa prise en charge thérapeutique est limitée au traitement de la pathologie causale et à la suppléance des organes défaillants. Dans ce contexte, l’hypothermie possède des effets cyto- et organo-protecteurs pléiotropes, dont les bénéfices pourraient être pénalisés par des délais d’application trop longs. La ventilation liquide totale (VLT) hypotherme est une approche émergente, permettant de refroidir très rapidement un organisme. Elle consiste à ventiler les poumons avec des perfluorocarbones liquides, permettant d’assurer les échanges gazeux, tout en faisant varier la température de ces perfluorocarbones, et en utilisant le poumon comme bio-échangeur thermique.L’objectif de cette thèse était d’investiguer les effets de la VLT hypotherme au cours de la défaillance multi-viscérale dans des modèles d’ischémie-reperfusion systémique chez le lapin.Dans un premier travail, nous avons étudié un modèle d’ischémie-reperfusion par clampage de 30 minutes de l’aorte abdominale supra-cœliaque, suivi par 5 heures de reperfusion. Les animaux témoins développaient une défaillance multi-viscérale d’expression clinico-biologique sévère. Dans le groupe soumis à la VLT, cette stratégie permettait d’abaisser la température à 33°C en moins de 15 minutes, cible thermique maintenue pendant 75 minutes avant réchauffement. Les défaillances cardio-circulatoires, rénales et hépato-splanchniques étaient atténuées de façon pérenne, avec une protection d’autant plus puissante que la VLT était initiée tôt par rapport au clampage.Dans un second travail, nous nous sommes appuyés sur un modèle d’arrêt cardiaque en rythme non choquable par asphyxie, à l’origine d’une mortalité majeure de cause neurologique, et d’un syndrome post-arrêt cardiaque sévère. La VLT hypotherme offrait une neuro- et cardio-protection puissante, et une réduction du syndrome inflammatoire. L’hyperhémie cérébrale, la production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène et l’augmentation de la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique étaient également significativement réduits.Ces travaux démontrent qu’une hypothermie systémique ultra-rapide par VLT hypotherme atténue les effets délétères multi-viscéraux de l’ischémie-reperfusion. La brièveté de la fenêtre temporelle de protection suggère que la rapidité d’obtention de la cible thermique est un élément clef dans le bénéfice permis par cette approche.Ultra-fast cooling with total liquid ventilation and ischemia-induced multi-organ failureIschemia and reperfusion injury is a major challenge in anesthesiology and critical care. Resolution of the underlying condition and organ replacement therapies are the cornerstone of the treatment. Hypothermia exhibits a myriad of protective effects, but delays of application may blunt its benefits. Ultra-fast cooling with total liquid ventilation (TLV) is an emerging strategy, which consists in lung ventilation with cold perflurocarbons and uses the lungs as a heat exchanger while maintaining normal gas exchanges. Our objective was to investigate the effects of TLV-induced cooling during multiorgan failure caused by systemic ischemia-reperfusion in rabbits.In a first study, the application of 30 minutes of supraceliac aortic cross-clamping followed by 300 minutes of reperfusion led to severe multiorgan failure in control animals. On the contrary, animals submitted to hypothermic TLV reached the temperature of 33°C within less than 15 minutes. Hypothermia was maintained during 75 minutes before rewarming. This brief period of hypothermic TLV attenuated biochemical and histological markers of multiorgan failure. Cardiovascular and liver dysfunctions were limited by this short period of hypothermic TLV, even when started after reperfusion. Conversely, acute kidney injury was limited only when hypothermia was started before reperfusion.In a second study, non-shockable cardiac arrest from respiratory cause was responsible for a high rate of mortality and a severe post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Hypothermic TLV had potent neuro- and cardio-protective effects, as well as reduced inflammatory syndrome. Early preservation of the blood-brain barrier integrity and cerebral hemodynamics as well as reduction in the immediate reactive oxygen species production in the brain, heart, and kidneys were also notable.These studies demonstrate that ultra-fast cooling by TLV alleviates the deleterious effects of ischemia-reperfusion. The optimal duration and timing of TLV-induced hypothermia for end-organ protection in hypoperfusion states remains to be determined

Epidémiologie et pronostic des pneumonies graves à pneumocoque prises en charge en réanimation

Les pneumonies aigües communautaires sont principalement causées par Streptococcus pneumoniae. , mais il existe très peu de données sur cette entité en réanimation. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de décrire les données épidémiologiques récentes et de déterminer les facteurs de risque de mortalité des patients hospitalisés en réanimation pour une pneumonie à pneumocoque. Nous avons conduit une étude rétrospective des données colligées prospectivement par 37 services de réanimation (2001-2008), concernant les adultes admis pour pneumonie à pneumocoque, séronégatifs pour le VIH, sans méningite associée et hors contexte d inhalation. Le diagnostic était porté devant un contexte clinico-radiologique évocateur, associé à un prélèvement bactériologique positif à pneumocoque. La pneumonie était considérée comme grave selon les critères définis par l American Thoracic Society.Deux cent vingt deux patients ont été inclus (âge médian: 60 [49-75] ans, SAPS 2: 47 [36-64]), dont 101 avec bactériémie associée. La prévalence des souches de sensibilité diminuée à la pénicilline était de 40,1%. Un choc septique est survenu chez 170 patients et la ventilation mécanique a été nécessaire pour 186 d entre eux. La mortalité hospitalière a été de 28,8%, malgré une antibiothérapie adaptée dans 93,3% des cas. En analyse multivariée, l âge, le choc septique et l épuration extra-rénale ont été identifiés comme facteurs prédictifs indépendants de mortalité hospitalière, tandis que la protéine C activée semble diminuer la mortalité. En conclusion, la mortalité des pneumonies à pneumocoque admises en réanimation reste élevée, principalement influencée par les défaillances d organes.PARIS6-Bibl.Pitié-Salpêtrie (751132101) / SudocSudocFranceF