FALLOPIA JAPONICA (HOUTT.) RONSE DECR. (POLYGONACEAE), UN NUEVO REGISTRO PARA LA FLORA ADVENTICIA DE CHILE

La especie introducida Fallopia japónica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. es registrada por primera vez en Chile fuera de zonas urbanas. Se entrega descripción y fotografía de esta especie, potencial invasora de áreas silvestres protegidas. Los especímenes fueron colectados en la localidad de Coirentoso, borde del Parque Nacional Alerce Andino (41°27'11"S: 72°39'32"W).La especie introducida Fallopia japónica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. es registrada por primera vez en Chile fuera de zonas urbanas. Se entrega descripción y fotografía de esta especie, potencial invasora de áreas silvestres protegidas. Los especímenes fueron colectados en la localidad de Coirentoso, borde del Parque Nacional Alerce Andino (41°27'11"S: 72°39'32"W)

Factores personales y familiares que inciden en la violencia que se suscita en el grado und?cimo del Instituto T?cnico Rafael Garc?a Herreros de la ciudad de Bucaramanga

113 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoLa violencia escolar es una problem?tica que afecta diariamente las instituciones educativas. Esta situaci?n est? supeditada a factores extr?nsecos tales como los culturales, pol?ticos, sociales, educativos; y a factores intr?nsecos tales como los personales y familiares, los cuales en conjunto, de forma silenciosa, afectan al joven en la consolidaci?n de su personalidad. Debido a esto, durante la investigaci?n se hace una observaci?n de los estudiantes en su ?mbito escolar, se realiza una revisi?n documental (observador del estudiante), se aplican encuestas y entrevistas a estudiantes y se ejecuta una revisi?n bibliogr?fica con el fin de identificar los factores personales y familiares que suscitan la violencia escolar en el aula de clase de und?cimo grado del Instituto T?cnico Rafael Garc?a Herreros. En la investigaci?n tan solo se indaga en los factores familiares y personales que intervienen en los actos violentos de los j?venes en la escuela, puesto que la familia, es el principal n?cleo de formaci?n de la sociedad, el cual repercute directamente en la consolidaci?n de la personalidad de los ni?os. De igual forma, se quiere indagar sobre la correspondencia entre las relaciones intrapersonales e interpersonales negativas con la presencia de violencia escolar en el aula de clase.ABSTRACT. School violence is a problem that affects daily educational institutions. This situation is committed to extrinsic factors such as cultural, political, social and educational; and intrinsic factors such as personal and family, which together, silently, affect the young in the consolidation of his personality. Therefore, during the investigation, an observation of students in their school environment and a documentary review (student observer) are performed, surveys and interviews with students are applied and a literature review is implemented in order to identify personal and familiar factors that raise school violence in the junior classroom of eleventh grade of the Technical Institute Rafael Garc?a Herreros. The research only explores family and personal factors involved in violent acts of young people in school since the family is the core of society formation, which directly affects the consolidation of personality of children. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate the correspondence between negative intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships with the presence of school violence in the classroom.INTRODUCCI?N 12 1. EL PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACI?N 14 1.1 CONTEXTO DE LA INVESTIGACI?N 14 1.1.1 Contexto Municipal 14 1.1.2 Contexto Institucional 16 1.1.3 Descripci?n Socio Econ?mica de las Familias 16 1.1.4 Componente Habitacional 19 1.2 PROBLEMA 20 1.2.1 Planteamiento del Problema 20 1.2.2 Formulaci?n del Problema 21 1.3 JUSTIFICACI?N 21 1.4 OBJETIVOS 22 1. 4.1 Objetivo General 22 1.4.2 Objetivos Espec?ficos 22 2 MARCO TE?RICO 23 2.1 REVISI?N DE ANTECEDENTES 23 2.2 MARCO LEGAL 28 2.2.1 Pol?ticas Estatales Sobre la violencia Escolar 28 2.2.2 Ley 1620 del 15 de Marzo de 2013 29 2.2.3 Est?ndares B?sicos de Competencias Ciudadanas 30 2.3 MARCO REFERENCIAL 31 2.3.1 La Violencia Escolar 31 2.3.2 Tipos de Violencia Escolar 34 2.3.3 Otras Formas de Violencia Escolar 35 2.3.4 Actores de la Violencia Escolar 36 2.3.5 Las Relaciones familiares y la Violencia Escolar 37 2.3.6 La Inteligencia Emocional en la Relaci?n con el Entorno 38 3 DISE?O METODOL?GICO 41 3.1 ENFOQUE DE LA INVESTIGACI?N 41 3.2 TIPO DE INVESTIGACI?N 43 3.3 DESCRIPCI?N DE LA POBLACI?N Y MUESTRA DE LA INVESTIGACI?N 43 3.3.1 Poblaci?n 43 3.3.2 Muestra 44 3.4 T?CNICAS E INSTRUMENTOS PARA LA RECOLECCI?N DE DATOS 44 3.5 DEFINICI?N OPERACIONAL 44 4 AN?LISIS DE RESULTADOS 53 4.1 AN?LISIS DE DATOS CUANTITATIVOS 53 4.1.1 Relaciones Familiares o Clima Familiar 53 4.1.2 Conducta Violenta en la Escuela 61 4.1.3 Relaciones Interpersonales e Intrapersonales 64 4.2 AN?LISIS DE DATOS CUALITATIVOS 66 4.3 AN?LISIS DE OBSERVACI?N DOCUMENTAL 69 5 TRIANGULACI?N DE DATOS 72 6 CONCLUSIONES 76 7 PERSPECTIVAS NUEVAS DE INVESTIGACI?N 83 RECOMENDACIONES 84 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR?FICAS 85 ANEXOS 9

Forests are not immune to plant invasions: phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation allow Prunella vulgaris to colonize a temperate evergreen rainforest

El pdf del artículo es la versión post-print.In the South American temperate evergreen rainforest (Valdivian forest), invasive plants are mainly restricted to open sites, being rare in the shaded understory. This is consistent with the notion of closed-canopy forests as communities relatively resistant to plant invasions. However, alien plants able to develop shade tolerance could be a threat to this unique forest. Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation are two mechanisms enhancing invasiveness. Phenotypic plasticity can promote local adaptation by facilitating the establishment and persistence of invasive species in novel environments. We investigated the role of these processes in the recent colonization of Valdivian forest understory by the perennial alien herb Prunella vulgaris from nearby populations in open sites. Using reciprocal transplants, we found local adaptation between populations. Field data showed that the shade environment selected for taller plants and greater specific leaf areas. We found population differentiation and within-population genetic variation in both mean values and reaction norms to light variation of several ecophysiological traits in common gardens from seeds collected in sun and shade populations. The colonization of the forest resulted in a reduction of plastic responses to light variation, which is consistent with the occurrence of genetic assimilation and suggests that P. vulgaris individuals adapted to the shade have reduced probabilities to return to open sites. All results taken together confirm the potential for rapid evolution of shade tolerance in P. vulgaris and suggest that this alien species may pose a threat to the native understory flora of Valdivian forest. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.OG wants to acknowledge financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry for Education and Science grants RASINV GL2004-04884-C02 02/BOS (as part of the coordinate project RINVE). A CSIC CONICYT collaborative grant to FV and EG contributed to the development of this study.Peer Reviewe

Comparación de la severidad de invasión asociada a caminos con diferentes niveles de perturbación n un bosque templado lluvioso del sur de Chile

Alien species introduction in protected areas is a phenomenon promoted primarily by human activity. This fact has increasedthe concern for implementing risk assessment methods to assess the species that may potentially become invasive (‘WeedRisk Assessment’, WRA), and estimate how invaded is a site (severity of invasion, SI). Moreover, the diversity of acommunity could regulate the introduction of species, which is scale dependent. At regional scale the relationship betweenboth native and alien plant species is often positive, because greater environmental heterogeneity allows the developmentof this type of species. At a local scale, the relationship between native and alien diversity might be negative, because thecompetition would be inevitable. The Puyehue National Park corresponds to a temperate rainforest ecosystem that present55 alien plant species. In this protected area we determined alien species that show both a high invasive potential (highWRA) and invasion success (high coverage). We also assessed whether there is positive relationship between these twoparameters. We also compare the SI of sites that differ in disturbance intensity and evaluate the relationship between thediversity of native and introduced species at local level. Applying risk assessment methods, we found that all alien speciesoccurring in roadsides showed high invasive potential and that these were the most abundant too. The SI was greater inmore disturbed sites and no relationship was found between native and alien species diversity between sites with different disturbance intensity associated with roadsides. We propose to take into consideration the most dangerous species in thepark for mitigation plans. In addition to the WRA is a method that could be applied to conduct risk assessments in protectedareas. Finally we highlight the role of roads in protected areas can be a major source of the spread of introduced species,increasing the severity of invasion.La introducción de especies en áreas protegidas es un fenómeno promovido principalmente por actividad del hombre. Estoha incrementado la preocupación por implementar métodos de evaluación de riesgo de invasión (‘Weed Risk Assessment’:WRA) y estimar cuán invadido se encuentra un lugar (severidad de invasión, SI). Además, la diversidad de una comunidadpodría regular la introducción de especies, lo cual es dependiente de la escala. A escala regional, la relación entre lariqueza de plantas nativas e introducidas es frecuentemente positiva, pues existe mayor heterogeneidad ambiental quepermite el desarrollo de ambos tipos de especies. A escala local la relación sería negativa, debido a que la competenciainterespecífica sería inevitable. El Parque Nacional Puyehue corresponde a un ecosistema de bosque templado lluviosoque posee 55 especies introducidas. En este se evaluó qué especies introducidas tienen mayor potencial invasor (mayorWRA) y mayor éxito de invasión (mayor cobertura), y si existe una relación lineal positiva entre estos dos parámetros.También comparamos la SI en sitios con diferente intensidad de perturbación, y evaluamos la relación entre la diversidad deespecies nativas e introducidas a escala local a orillas de camino. Aplicando métodos de evaluación de riesgo, encontramosque todas las especies introducidas en borde de camino presentaron alto potencial invasor, y además las que presentaronmayores puntajes de WRA tuvieron mayor cobertura. La SI fue mayor en sitios más perturbados, y no se encontró relaciónentre especies nativas e introducidas entre sitios con diferente intensidad de perturbación asociados a bordes de caminos.Proponemos tener en consideración a las especies con mayor potencial invasor en el parque para planes de mitigación,y además que el WRA es un método que podría ser aplicado para realizar evaluaciones de riesgo en áreas protegidas.Finalmente, destacamos el rol de los caminos como principales fuentes de propagación de las especies introducidas,aumentando la severidad de invasión de un determinado sitio

Antibiosis in wheat interacts with crowding stress to affect Metopolophiumdirhodum development and susceptibility to malathion

We used a laboratory study to compare the performance of rose‐grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on the wheat cultivars ‘Huntsman’ (susceptible) and ‘Rapier’ (partially resistant) in both low density (uncrowded) and high density (crowded) colonies and examined the consequences for aphid susceptibility to malathion. Adult apterae that developed on Rapier wheat had their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) reduced by 6 and 9% under uncrowded and crowded conditions, respectively, whereas the crowding treatment reduced MRGR by 3%, but only in Rapier aphids. Rapier resistance also reduced adult dry weight by 13 and 14% under crowded and uncrowded conditions, respectively, whereas crowding reduced it by 34 and 35% in Rapier and Huntsman aphids, respectively. Development on Rapier substantially reduced the topical LC50 of malathion by 37.8 and 34.8% under crowded and uncrowded conditions, suggesting that plant antibiosis increased malathion susceptibility. By comparison, crowding only reduced the LC50 by 29.5 and 26.0% on Huntsman and Rapier. The LD50 data showed that reductions on aphid body size on Rapier and through crowding did not fully explain the differences in LC50. This was particularly in the values for crowded aphids that were actually 80% higher than for uncrowded ones. This apparent tolerance of crowded aphids, however, may partly be due to loss of insecticide from small aphids at dosing. Evidence of synergy between plant resistance and insecticide susceptibility raises the possibility of using reduced concentrations of pesticides to control aphids on resistant crop cultivars, with diminished impacts on non‐target and beneficial species important in integrated pest management (IPM) programs

Alien plants in Chile: inferring invasion periods from herbarium records

Abstract We used 71,764 specimens (14,988 alien and 56,776 native) from the herbarium CONC at Universidad de Concepción, Chile to identify alien invasion periods. We assumed that the pattern of accumulation of specimens can be used for tracing back the distribution in time of alien species introductions in the Chilean territory. To assess this we constructed Invasion Curves (IC) of native and alien species and specimens recorded in the complete territory and we adapted this methodology to draw Proportion Curves (PC). Increments in the proportion of alien vs. native species can be interpreted as expansions in population size of alien species, either locally or by invasion of new areas. To visualize surface expansions consistent with changes in PC we arranged four maps broadly coincident with inflexions in PC: before 1900PC: before , 1940PC: before , 1980PC: before and 2004 Invasion curves from both native and alien species produced a first step of positive and rapid increment followed by an extended, apparently stable phase. The first expansion phase of alien flora coincides with a first period of strong growth of Chilean agriculture as indicated by increments in wheat and other cereals production. A more recent second maximum showed by PC (approximately between 1980 and 2000) occurs in a period when: (i) wheat surface goes down but (ii) wheat production increases, and (iii) forestry exports increases. These changes are coincident with increased mechanization making possible more wheat production in fewer surfaces. The expansions of alien plant species in Chile are evident on geographical distribution maps. In only one century alien species expanded to nearly all the territory. Both the North and South extremes however, seem to be an exception to this general trend as shown by the gaps on maps

Molecular detection of Rickettsia in fleas from micromammals in Chile

Background: Rickettsial diseases are considered important in public health due to their dispersal capacity determined by the particular characteristics of their reservoirs and/or vectors. Among the latter, fleas play an important role, since the vast majority of species parasitize wild and invasive rodents, so their detection is relevant to be able to monitor potential emerging diseases. The aim of this study was to detect, characterize, and compare Rickettsia spp. from the fleas of micromammals in areas with different human population densities in Chile. Methods: The presence of Rickettsia spp. was evaluated by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing in 1315 fleas collected from 1512 micromammals in 29 locations, with different human population densities in Chile. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to identify the variables that may explain Rickettsia prevalence in fleas. Results: DNA of Rickettsia spp. was identified in 13.2% (174 of 1315) of fleas tested. Fifteen flea species were found to be Rickettsia-positive. The prevalence of Rickettsia spp. was higher in winter, semi-arid region and natural areas, and the infection levels in fleas varied between species of flea. The prevalence of Rickettsia among flea species ranged between 0–35.1%. Areas of lower human density showed the highest prevalence of Rickettsia. The phylogenetic tree showed two well-differentiated clades with Rickettsia bellii positioned as basal in one clade. The second clade was subdivided into two subclades of species related to Rickettsia of the spotted fever group. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence and molecular characterization of Rickettsia spp. in 15 flea species of micromammals in Chile. In this study, fleas were detected carrying Rickettsia DNA with zoonotic potential, mainly in villages and natural areas of Chile. Considering that there are differences in the prevalence of Rickettsia in fleas associated with different factors, more investigations are needed to further understand the ecology of Rickettsia in fleas and their implications for human health.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]Fil: Moreno Salas, Lucila. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Espinoza Carniglia, Mario Virgilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Lizama Schmeisser, Nicol. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Torres Fuentes, Luis Gonzalo. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Silva de La Fuente, María Carolina. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Lareschi, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: González Acuña, Daniel. Universidad de Concepción; Chil

The poleward naturalization of intracontinental alien plants.

Plant introductions outside their native ranges by humans have led to substantial ecological consequences. While we have gained considerable knowledge about intercontinental introductions, the distribution and determinants of intracontinental aliens remain poorly understood. Here, we studied naturalized (i.e., self-sustaining) intracontinental aliens using native and alien floras of 243 mainland regions in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia. We revealed that 4510 plant species had intracontinental origins, accounting for 3.9% of all plant species and 56.7% of all naturalized species in these continents. In North America and Europe, the numbers of intracontinental aliens peaked at mid-latitudes, while the proportion peaked at high latitudes in Europe. Notably, we found predominant poleward naturalization, primarily due to larger native species pools in low-latitudes. Geographic and climatic distances constrained the naturalization of intracontinental aliens in Australia, Europe, and North America, but not in South America. These findings suggest that poleward naturalizations will accelerate, as high latitudes become suitable for more plant species due to climate change

The FDA-Approved Antiviral Raltegravir Inhibits Fascin1-Dependent Invasion of Colorectal Tumor Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Serrated adenocarcinoma (SAC) has been recently recognized by the WHO as a histological CRC with bad prognosis. Consistent with previous evidence, our group identified Fascin1 as a protein directly related to the invasiveness of tumor cells, overexpressed and positively correlated with worse survival in various carcinomas, including SAC. Therefore, Fascin1 has emerged as an ideal target for cancer treatment. In the present study, virtual screening has been carried out from a library of 9591 compounds, thus identifying the FDA-approved anti-retroviral raltegravir (RAL) as a potential Fascin1 blocker. In vitro and in vivo results show that RAL exhibits Fascin1-binding activity and Fascin1-dependent anti-invasive and anti-metastatic properties against CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo