765 research outputs found

    La réactualisation du bilan colonial: vers une perspective de reconnaissance

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    Cet article se propose d’étudier l’impact de la colonisation française en Afrique. L’auteur y passe en revue l’historiographie et la littérature relatives au système assimilationniste, en argumentant que la France coloniale s’est appuyée sur une idéologie raciale, propagandiste, et suprématiste pour agir sur la carte d’une mission civilisatrice. Cette politique coloniale, qui a eu des effets néfastes sur tous les plans, touchant l’économie, la culture, l’éducation, et la religion, continue à affecter les anciennes colonies et les relations qui les lient avec la France. Ici, l’auteur soutient que ce projet d’assimilation et de civilisation, légitimée par un supposé devoir moral de sortir les peuples « barbares » de leur condition de sous-homme, a fini par charrier une série d’exactions et d’exploitations inhumaines, et de dénégation des droits fondamentaux de liberté et d’égalité, dont pourtant la France se porte garant. Cet échec cuisant de la colonisation s’explique également par une résistance autour d’éléments unificateurs telle que la religion, laquelle a toujours été une équation majeure à l’hégémonie française. L’auteur conclut son analyse en soulignant la nécessite d’une reconnaissance historique de l’héritage colonial, auquel la France ne peut se soustraire, compte tenu de la circulation du discours imposant de ce passé pénible.Mots-clés: Politique assimilationniste, hégémonie, héritage colonial, Afrique, RésistanceEnglish AbstractThis article studied the impact of French colonization in Africa, by highlighting the historiography and literature written about its assimilationist policy. Here, the author argued that colonial France has justified its civilizing mission against a racial, supremacist, and propagandist hegemony. Such a colonial project, beyond its negative corollary upon colonized culture, economy, religion and education, still affects the colonized today and their relationship with France. Despite its claim as the champion of human rights and equality, the author claims, French colonial system has ended up denying those basic rights to dominated people, whom it had declared to be salvaging from barbarity and savagery. The author also explained the colonial failure through resistant regimes which unified colonized around forces as religion, a major obstacle to colonial expansion and success. He concluded his analysis that  France needs to recognize and come to terms with the colonial legacy in a context where the circulation of ideas and discourses imposes the spectrum of that painful past.Keywords: Assimilationist policy, hegemony, colonial heritage, Africa, resistanc

    Deconstructing and navigating the institutions of education and language in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions

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    This essay focused on the institutions of education and language to articulate the relations between the colonial, the patriarchal and the question of national culture focusing on the Shona society in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions. It located the novel’s strength in how the author’s writing develops a political drive that questions colonial and native patriarchal ideologies. This study defined the narrative as a literary resistance and suggests a redefinition of the1960s-1970s Zimbabwean national culture that subdues women. Furthermore, while the narrative can be read as an expression of national consciousness, this essay argued that the author employed a multidimensional approach to the reading and study of the predicament facing Rhodesia, contemporary Zimbabwe, and Africa at large.Keywords: Culture, Language, Identity, Education, Nation(alism

    Calcul approximatif à haute efficacité énergétique pour des applications de l'internet des objets

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    Reduced width units are ones of the power reduction methods. However such units have been mostly evaluated separately, i.e. not evaluated in a complete applications. In this thesis, we extend the RISC-V processor with reduced width computation and memory units, in which only a number of most significant bits (MSBs), configurable at runtime is active. The energy reduction vs quality of output trade-offs of applications executed with the extended RISC-V are studied. The results indicate that the energy can be reduced by up to 14% for an error ≤ 0.1%. Moreover we propose a generic energy model that includes both software parameters and hardware architecture ones. It allows software and hardware designers to have an early insight into the effects of optimizations on software and/or units.Les unités à taille réduite font partie des méthodes proposées pour la réduction de la consommation d’énergie. Cependant, la plupart de ces unités sont évaluées séparément,c’est-à-dire elles ne sont pas évaluées dans une application complète. Dans cette thèse, des unités à taille réduite pour le calcul et pour l’accès à la mémoire de données, configurables au moment de l’exécution, sont intégrées dans un processeur RISC-V. La réduction d’énergie et la qualité de sortie des applications exécutées sur le processeur RISC-V étendu avec ces unités, sont évaluées. Les résultats indiquent que la consommation d’énergie peut être réduite jusqu’à 14% pour une erreur ≤0.1%. De plus, nous avons proposé un modèle d’énergie générique qui inclut à la fois des paramètres logiciels et architecturaux. Le modèle permet aux concepteurs logiciels et matériels d’avoir un aperçu rapide sur l’impact des optimisations effectuées sur le code source et/ou sur les unités de calcul

    Experimental auctions, collective induction and choice shift: willingness-to-pay for rice quality in Senegal

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    We propose a collective induction treatment as an aggregator of information and preferences, which enables testing whether consumer preferences for food quality elicited through experimental auctions are robust to aggregation. We develop a two-stage estimation method based on social judgement scheme theory to identify the determinants of social influence in collective induction. Our method is tested in a market experiment aiming to assess consumers willingness-to-pay for rice quality in Senegal. No significant choice shift was observed after collective induction, which suggests that consumer preferences for rice quality are robust to aggregation. Almost three quarters of social influence captured by the model and the variables was explained by social status, market expertise and information

    50th Anniversary of the Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres: A Comparative Study of the Engagement of the Population in the 1966 and 2010 Festivals

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    Abstract This essay takes as its starting point two hymns from the First World Festival of Negro Arts in 1966 – one composed by Abdoulaye Ndiaye “Thiosanne” and the other played by saxophonist Bira Guèye and sung by the griot Mada Thiam – in order to analyze and rethink the involvement of the population in this festival. In the light of the fiftieth anniversary of this historic event, the essay offers a comparative study of the 1966 and 2010 festivals, which took place in entirely different periods and contexts. It focuses on the population and their involvement. By applying a methodology that uses the archival research of the national newspaper Dakar-Matin in 1966, and Le Soleil in 2010, as well as a selection of sound archives, we hope to understand the perception that the local and international population had, as well as their differences and convergences. The festivals in 1966 and 2010, organized under the presidency of Senghor and Wade, respectively, will be examined in the context of their different cultural policies. We suggest that the festival of 1966 can be seen as a “festival of affirmation” (of black identity). In contrast, the festival of 2010, also celebrated at Dakar, can be seen as a “festival of mimicry and popularization.” We question whether the Senegalese people claimed these two festivals as theirs

    Diversity of woodlands in the groundnut basin of Kaffrine region in Senegal

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    Objective: This work has examined the current state of woodlands in the groundnut basin to determine its importance Methodology and results: The floristic diversity of woodlands in the Groundnut Basin of was studied through ecological parameters. The woody flora contained 75 species with a predominance of three (3) families (Combretaceae, Mimosaceae and Caesalpiniaceae) represented by more than six (6) species. The statements from the four targeted rural communities indicated: 31 species for Ndiognick, 43 for Birkelane, 46 for Saly Escale and 48 for Ida mouride. The overall average density was 17 individuals/ha and varied depending on rural communities: 7 individuals/ha for Ndiognick, 9 individuals/ha for Birkelane, 18 individuals for Ida mouride and 39 individuals for Saly Escale. In Ndiognick and Birkelane rural communities, the cover was lower because they were less provided in species (Cordyla pinnata, Combretum glutinosum, Piliostigma reticulatum and Adansonia digitata) with summits higher than 5m2/ha. The flora and the woody vegetation selected parameters indicated that the level of organization of the woody species was not similar as well as the pressure on the woody species in the rural communities. The diversity of the wood species was reducing due to anthropogenic action and the deterioration due to climate conditions. Key words: Diversity floristic, diversity index, impact inde

    Diversité et Caractéristiques des Systèmes de Production Agricole Végétale dans la Commune de Ziguinchor au Sénégal

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    Bien que l’agriculture soit reconnue pour les services qu’elle rend aux citadins, elle peine Ă  se dĂ©velopper dans les villes africaines. L’étude a Ă©tĂ© conduite dans la commune de Ziguinchor, situĂ© au Sud du SĂ©nĂ©gal. Elle vise Ă  caractĂ©riser des systèmes de production vĂ©gĂ©tale de  l’agriculture urbaine dans cette commune et s’est appuyĂ©, essentiellement, sur des enquĂŞtes, auprès de 390 agriculteurs. Quatre systèmes de production vĂ©gĂ©tale exploitĂ©s par des femmes (74,4%) ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©s. Le maraĂ®chage est le plus reprĂ©sentĂ© avec 59,7% de cas de citation. Avec 24 spĂ©culations cultivĂ©es dans les bas-fonds ou dans les interstices urbains. Ce système de production mobilise plus de producteur en saison sèche (51,5%) qu’en hivernage. Les grandes cultures pluviales qui reprĂ©sentent 32,9% des cas compte 9 essences cultivĂ©es rĂ©parties dans la famille des Poaceae, des Fabaceae et des Pedaliaceae. Le riz se distingue parmi les grandes cultures pluviales par l’envergure des vallĂ©es non aedificandi (838,9 ha) qui abritent ses activitĂ©s de production. L’arboriculture fruitière et la floriculture constituent les systèmes de production les moins reprĂ©sentĂ©s avec respectivement 6,8% et 0,7% des cas. Avec 8 espèces d’arbres fruitiers inventoriĂ©es, l’arboriculture est, essentiellement, notĂ©e dans la pĂ©riphĂ©rie Sud de la commune oĂą sont localisĂ©s plus de vergers d’anacardiers. La floriculture, comptant 13 principales espèces cultivĂ©es, est une activitĂ© qui subsiste avec seulement 5 exploitations notĂ©es dans toute la commune. Toutefois, il faut rappeler que ces divers systèmes de production vĂ©gĂ©tale souffrent de l’avancĂ©e du front urbain et de l’occupation de l’espace par le bâti. Il urge, donc, que l’agriculture soit prise en compte dans les prochains plans d’amĂ©nagement urbain de Ziguinchor.   Although agriculture is recognised for the services it provides to city dwellers, it is struggling to develop in African cities. The study was conducted in the commune of Ziguinchor, located in southern Senegal. It aimed to characterise the plant production systems of urban agriculture in this commune and was based essentially on surveys of 390 farmers. Four crop production systems, mainly operated by women (74.4%), were identified. Market gardening is the most represented with 59.7% of cases cited. With 24 crops cultivated in the lowlands or in the urban interstices, this production system mobilises more producers in the dry season (51.5%) than in the winter season. Rainfed field crops, which account for 32.9% of cases, include 9 species cultivated in the Poaceae, Fabaceae and Pedaliaceae families. Rice stands out among the major crops due to the scale of the not aedificandi valleys (838.9 ha) in which it is produced. Fruit growing and flower growing are the least represented production systems, with 6.8% and 0.7% of cases respectively. With 8 species of fruit trees inventoried, arboriculture is essentially noted in the southern periphery of the district where more cashew orchards are located. Floriculture, with 13 main species produced, is an activity wich survives with only 5 farms noted in the district. However, it should be remembered that these various plant production systems are suffering from urbanisation and the occupation of space by buildings. It is therefore urgent that agriculture be taken into account in the next urban development plans for Ziguinchor

    Contribution de la production anacardière aux moyens de subsistance des ménages Balantes de Mansoa (région d’Oio, Guinée-Bissau)

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    L’agriculture Bissau-guinéenne est actuellement dominée par la production anacardière. Cette dernière, bien que peu étudiée, participe à l'amélioration du cadre de vie et de l’économie locale. Dans le but de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des impacts du système de production anacardière sur les ménages, l’étude a porté sur 77 ménages répartis dans trois villages Balantes. Sur la base d’enquêtes agro-socioéconomiques, l’étude montre que l’héritage (73,2%) est le mode d’accès aux terres gérées que par des hommes. Le semis direct (77%) et les plants produits en pépinière (33%) constituent les modes de plantation des anacardiers. Les sous-produits de l’anacardier jouent un rôle alimentaire et commercial pour les ménages. Les noix brutes sont destinées à la vente (100%) et celles grillées sont utilisées dans l’alimentation familiale (100%). Le jus de cajou est exclusivement réservé à la consommation familiale alors que le vin est réservé pour une grande part à la vente (52,65%). Le bois mort est utilisé comme combustible (52,3%) et/ou pour la carbonisation destinée à la vente (47,7%). D’au final, les revenus tirés du cajou destinés principalement à l’achat du riz (15,75%), du matériel agricole (14,7%) et au paiement de main d’oeuvre rizicole (14,6%) sont en moyenne estimés à 286 770 FCFA/ménage/an. Les revenus engendrés par la culture de l’anacarde permettent aux producteurs de subvenir à leurs besoins, d’améliorer leurs conditions et cadre de vie.Mots clés : Agriculture, plantation, Cajou, impacts. English Title: Contribution of cashew nut production to the livelihoods of Balante households in Mansoa (Oío region, Guinea-Bissau) Agriculture in Guinea-Bissau is currently dominated by cashew nut production. The latter, although little studied, contributes to the improvement of the living environment and the local economy. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of this production system, the study covered 77 households in three Balante's villages. On the basis of agro-socio-economic surveys, the study shows that inheritance (73.2%) is the only mode of access to land managed by men. Direct seeding (77%) and nursery grown plants (33%) are the most common methods of planting cashew trees. Cashew by-products play a food and commercial role for households. The raw nuts are intended for sale (100%) and roasted nuts are used in family food (100%). Cashew juice is exclusively reserved at the family consumption while wine is reserved for a large part for sale (52.65%). Dead wood is used as fuel (52.3%) and/or for carbonization for sale (47.7%). In the end, the income from cashew mainly used to buy rice (15.75%), agricultural equipment (14.7%) and to pay for rice labor (14.6%) is on overage, they are estimated at 286 770 F CFA/Household/year. The income generated by cashew nut cultivation allows producers to meet their needs, improve their living conditions and environment.Keywords : Agriculture, plantation, Cashew, impacts
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