Étude par microscopie électronique des mécanismes de transport des nanoparticules de silice au travers d'une barrière endothéliale

The recent use of nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers for imaging and delivery of therapeutics agents in nanomedecine involves understanding their endocytosis and transcytosis mechanisms at biological barriers. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the interaction and transcytosis of fluorescent silica NPs in function of their size (15, 50, and 100 nm) in an in-vitro model of human pulmonary endothelial barrier. NPs internalization and trans-endothelial transport has been quantitatively analyzed at nanometer resolution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with stereology. Trans-endothelial transport has been observed for each size of NPs. However cellular distribution analysis shows an accumulation in the cellular degradation pathways for 50 nm and 100 nm NPs. Whereas 15 nm NPs are less accumulated. NPs uptake was also analyzed by flow cytometry and TEM in the presence of different inhibitors to decipher NPs internalization pathways. Depending on NPs size, the involved endocytosis pathways were different, suggesting a dependency of trans-cellular transport toward endocytic mechanisms. The specific internalization of 15 nm NPs by the caveolin dependant pathway could explain the efficacy of their release at the basal side. Techniques developed for the study of the trans-cellular transport of silica NPs can also be applied to more complex synthetic NPs or biological NPs, such as low-density lipoproteins, in a pathological context.L'utilisation récente des nanoparticules (NPs) comme vecteurs pour l'imagerie et l'adressage d'agents thérapeutiques en nano-médecine nécessite la compréhension de leurs mécanismes d'internalisation et de transport au niveau des barrières biologiques. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette étude est de caractériser l'interaction et la transcytose de NPs de silice fluorescentes en fonction de leur taille (15, 50 et 100 nm) dans un modèle in-vitro de barrière endothéliale pulmonaire humaine. L'internalisation et le transport trans-endothélial des NPs a été analysé quantitativement à l'échelle nanométrique par microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) combinée à de la stéréologie. Un transport trans-endothélial a été observé pour toutes les tailles de NPs. Néanmoins, l'analyse de la distribution intracellulaire révèle une tendance à l'accumulation dans les voies de dégradation cellulaires pour les NPs de 50 et 100 nm. Cette accumulation est moindre pour les NPs de 15 nm. L'internalisation des NPs a également été analysée par cytométrie en flux et MET en présence de différents inhibiteurs de l'endocytose dans le but d'identifier leurs voies d'internalisation. En fonction de la taille des NPs, les mécanismes d'endocytose varient, suggérant une dépendance du transport trans-cellulaire à certains mécanismes d'endocytose. L'internalisation des NPs de 15 nm par la voie d'endocytose cavéole dépendante pourrait ainsi expliquer l'efficacité de leur transport du côté basal. Les méthodologies développées pour l'étude du transport trans-cellulaire des NPs de silice peuvent être appliquées à l'étude de NPs synthétiques plus complexes ou de NPs biologiques, telles que les lipoprotéines de basse-densité, et ce dans un contexte pathologique

Electron microscopy study of the transport mechanisms of silica nanoparticles through an endothelial barrier.

L'utilisation récente des nanoparticules (NPs) comme vecteurs pour l'imagerie et l'adressage d'agents thérapeutiques en nano-médecine nécessite la compréhension de leurs mécanismes d'internalisation et de transport au niveau des barrières biologiques. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette étude est de caractériser l'interaction et la transcytose de NPs de silice fluorescentes en fonction de leur taille (15, 50 et 100 nm) dans un modèle in-vitro de barrière endothéliale pulmonaire humaine. L'internalisation et le transport trans-endothélial des NPs a été analysé quantitativement à l'échelle nanométrique par microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) combinée à de la stéréologie. Un transport trans-endothélial a été observé pour toutes les tailles de NPs. Néanmoins, l'analyse de la distribution intracellulaire révèle une tendance à l'accumulation dans les voies de dégradation cellulaires pour les NPs de 50 et 100 nm. Cette accumulation est moindre pour les NPs de 15 nm. L'internalisation des NPs a également été analysée par cytométrie en flux et MET en présence de différents inhibiteurs de l'endocytose dans le but d'identifier leurs voies d'internalisation. En fonction de la taille des NPs, les mécanismes d'endocytose varient, suggérant une dépendance du transport trans-cellulaire à certains mécanismes d'endocytose. L'internalisation des NPs de 15 nm par la voie d'endocytose cavéole dépendante pourrait ainsi expliquer l'efficacité de leur transport du côté basal. Les méthodologies développées pour l'étude du transport trans-cellulaire des NPs de silice peuvent être appliquées à l'étude de NPs synthétiques plus complexes ou de NPs biologiques, telles que les lipoprotéines de basse-densité, et ce dans un contexte pathologique.The recent use of nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers for imaging and delivery of therapeutics agents in nanomedecine involves understanding their endocytosis and transcytosis mechanisms at biological barriers. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the interaction and transcytosis of fluorescent silica NPs in function of their size (15, 50, and 100 nm) in an in-vitro model of human pulmonary endothelial barrier. NPs internalization and trans-endothelial transport has been quantitatively analyzed at nanometer resolution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with stereology. Trans-endothelial transport has been observed for each size of NPs. However cellular distribution analysis shows an accumulation in the cellular degradation pathways for 50 nm and 100 nm NPs. Whereas 15 nm NPs are less accumulated. NPs uptake was also analyzed by flow cytometry and TEM in the presence of different inhibitors to decipher NPs internalization pathways. Depending on NPs size, the involved endocytosis pathways were different, suggesting a dependency of trans-cellular transport toward endocytic mechanisms. The specific internalization of 15 nm NPs by the caveolin dependant pathway could explain the efficacy of their release at the basal side. Techniques developed for the study of the trans-cellular transport of silica NPs can also be applied to more complex synthetic NPs or biological NPs, such as low-density lipoproteins, in a pathological context

Internalization and fate of silica nanoparticles in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells: evidence of a beneficial effect on myoblast fusion.

The use of silica nanoparticles for their cellular uptake capability opens up new fields in biomedical research. Among the toxicological effects associated with their internalization, silica nanoparticles induce apoptosis that has been recently reported as a biochemical cue required for muscle regeneration. To assess whether silica nanoparticles could affect muscle regeneration, we used the C2C12 muscle cell line to study the uptake of fluorescently labeled NPs and their cellular trafficking over a long period. Using inhibitors of endocytosis, we determined that the NP uptake was an energy-dependent process mainly involving macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated pathway. NPs were eventually clustered in lysosomal structures. Myoblasts containing NPs were capable of differentiation into myotubes, and after 7 days, electron microscopy revealed that the NPs remained primarily within lysosomes. The presence of NPs stimulated the formation of myotubes in a dose-dependent manner. NP internalization induced an increase of apoptotic myoblasts required for myoblast fusion. At noncytotoxic doses, the NP uptake by skeletal muscle cells did not prevent their differentiation into myotubes but, instead, enhanced the cell fusion

A Bayesian Approach to Morphological Models Characterization

International audienceMorphological models are commonly used to describe microstructures observed in heterogeneous materials. Usually, these models depend upon a set of parameters that must be chosen carefully to match experimental observations conducted on the microstructure. A common approach to perform the parameters determination is to try to minimize an objective function, usually taken to be the discrepancy between measurements computed on the simulations and on the experimental observations, respectively. In this article, we present a Bayesian approach for determining the parameters of morphological models, based upon the definition of a posterior distribution for the parameters. A Monte Carlo Markov Chains (MCMC) algorithm is then used to generate samples from the posterior distribution and to identify a set of optimal parameters. We show on several examples that the Bayesian approach allows us to properly identify the optimal parameters of distinct morphological models and to identify potential correlations between the parameters of the models

Involvement of caveolin-1 and CD36 in native LDL endocytosis by endothelial cells

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Metallic oxide nanoparticle translocation across the human bronchial epithelial barrier.

Inhalation is the most frequent route of unintentional exposure to nanoparticles (NPs). Our aim was to quantify the translocation of different metallic NPs across human bronchial epithelial cells and to determine the factors influencing this translocation. Calu-3 cells forming a tight epithelial barrier when grown on a porous membrane in a two compartment chamber were exposed to fluorescently labelled NPs to quantify the NP translocation. NP translocation and uptake by cells were also studied by confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Translocation was characterized according to NP size (16, 50, or 100 nm), surface charge (negative or positive SiO2), composition (SiO2 or TiO2), presence of proteins or phospholipids and in an inflammatory context. Our results showed that NPs can translocate through the Calu-3 monolayer whatever their composition (SiO2 or TiO2), but this translocation was increased for the smallest and negatively charged NPs. Translocation was not associated with an alteration of the integrity of the epithelial monolayer, suggesting a transcytosis of the internalized NPs. By modifying the NP corona, the ability of NPs to cross the epithelial barrier differed depending on their intrinsic properties, making positively charged NPs more prone to translocate. NP translocation can be amplified by using agents known to open tight junctions and to allow paracellular passage. NP translocation was also modulated when mimicking an inflammatory context frequently found in the lungs, altering the epithelial integrity and inducing transient tight junction opening. This in vitro evaluation of NP translocation could be extended to other inhaled NPs to predict their biodistribution