Investigating the Management of the Formation of Habermas Public Sphere Theory in Instagram and Telegram Networks

The purpose of this study is to examining the management of the formation of Habermas public Sphere theory in Instagram and Telegram networks. The research method is survey. Statistical Society of this research is the users of social networks (telegram and Instagram). according to the Cochrane formula statistical sample is 384 people. Using purposive non-random sampling method the Statistical samples was selected and the data were analyzed by Pearson correlation method. The results showed that There is a significant relationship between free access to the Internet and social networks, rational critique of political economic social and cultural issues, rational criticism of the government, free dialogue and the formation of the public sphere. There is a difference between the formation of the public Sphere in social networks and the level of education. There is a difference between the formation of the public Sphere in social networks and individuals' age, but There is not much difference between the formation of the public Sphere in social networks and gender

The Study of the Comparison of the Stylistics of "Persons’ Name" in the First Volumes of Beyhaphi and Jahangoshay -e- Jovini's History

Beyhaghi and Jahangosha Jovini's historyare two completely different prosesthat is, Morsel and technical prose. So far, various studies have been done on stylistics of these works, but unfortunately, there is limited evidence regarding the stylistic features of these two works. One of the most important goals of this research is to provide definitive documents and information with respect to the whole text. The purpose of the documents and definitive information is to provide statistical information and to identify each of the important features and elements that experts present on the basis of their view of the style of a work.The focus of this approach is on the information obtained from literary works and their analysis with advanced computer software; for this purpose, the first volumes of Beyhaghi and Jahangosha Jovini's history were chosen. Nouns in each work were extracted from both textsvia using a computer. By examining the two texts, the differences and similarities of the effective features of each work regarding the names of individuals, according to the stylistic approach, were analyzed. Abolfazl Beyhaghi has benefited from the names of individuals because of his particular style and the attempt to document his writings; however, this difference is not only in the variety of names; it is also the in the number of repetitions of nouns. In the same way, in the history of Beyhaghi, the repetition of the names is more than the history of Jahangosha Jovini

Application of the stages of change model to dairy consumption among students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences

زمینه و هدف: الگوی مراحل تغییر در برخی از مطالعات به منظور شناخت مراحل تغییر رژیم غذایی به کار رفته است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کاربرد الگوی مراحل تغییر برای مصرف لبنیات در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مقطعی 423 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد در سال 1390 بررسی شدند. نمونه گیری به روش تصادفی خوشه ای دو مرحله ای انجام شد. جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه 3 بخشی استفاده شد که شامل اطلاعات دموگرافیک، پرسشنامه استاندارد بسامد مصرف غذایی (FFQ) و پرسشنامه استاندارد مراحل تغییر بود. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های آماری کای-اسکوئر، من ویتنی، کروسکال والیس و رگرسیون لجستیک در نرم افزار SPSS آنالیز شدند. یافته ها: میانگین سنی دانشجویان 3/3 ± 1/22 سال (با دامنه 35-18 سال) بود. 4/67 آن ها مونث و 21 متاهل بودند. بیشترین و کمترین فراوانی مصرف لبنیات به ترتیب مربوط به پنیر و کشک بود. اکثر دانشجویان (1/78) روزانه سهم کافی از لبنیات مصرف نمی کردند. در دانشجویان مجرد نسبت به افراد متاهل سهم مصرف روزانه لبنیات بیشتر بود (05/0>P). بررسی مصرف لبنیات بر اساس الگوی مراحل تغییر نشان داد که اکثر دانشجویان (1/24) در مرحله تفکر و کمترین آن ها در مرحله پیش از تفکر (4/10) بودند. 6/54 از دانشجویان در مراحل قبل از عمل (پیش از تفکر، تفکر و آمادگی) و 4/45 در مراحل بعد از عمل (اقدام و نگهداری) برای ایجاد تغییر بودند. نتیجه گیری: از نظر مدل فرا تئوری یا مراحل تغییر، بیشتر دانشجویان مورد بررسی در مراحل قبل از عمل به ویژه مرحله تفکر قرار داشتند همچنین اکثر دانشجویان سهم کافی از لبنیات مصرف نمی کردند؛ لذا این تئوری می تواند برای طراحی مداخلاتی جهت افزایش مصرف لبنیات در این گروه از جمعیت مناسب باشد

Readmission Risk Factors in Patients of General Surgery Wards in Shiraz Hospitals: Applying LACE Index as a Predictive Indicator

Background: Today, the effective use of limited health care resources is increasingly regarded. Reduction of the readmission is one of the key tools can improve health outcomes and considered as one of the control levers that reduces health costs. Identifying the causes of readmission to the hospital helps to utilize hospital beds and facilities a more efficiently.Methods: This case-control study had been conducted in general surgery (GS) wards in 2011-2012. Using chisquare test, t-test, and multiple regressions, we studied risk factors associated with readmission in both groups of case and control. Finally, the predictive power of the Length of stay, Acuity of illness, Co morbidity of the patient, Emergency (LACE) index was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results: About 20% of patients in GS wards were admitted within 30 days. There is a significant difference between the two groups in the following variables: age, sex, length of hospital stay, marital status, discharge season, congestive heart failure, diabetes and renal failure. The rate of readmission with LACE index which is compared with the ROC curve shows that it is significant (P < 0.001 and Kappa = 0.22).Conclusions: Awareness of the prevalence and risk factors of readmission is effective in planning and decision making for using hospital facilities efficiently. Identifying patients at risk of readmission and erforming training plan, ischarging and following up medical programs can reduce the rate of readmission and costs of hospital. Predicting readmission can be very effective but identifying an effective index is very difficult

The burden of injuries in Iranian children in 2005

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Child injury is recognized as a global health problem. Injuries caused the highest burden of disease among the total population of Iran in 2003. We aimed to estimate the morbidity, mortality, and disease burden caused by child injuries in the 0- to 14-year-old population of Iran in 2005.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We estimated average age- and sex-specific mortality rates for different types of child injuries from 2001 to 2006 using Iran's death registration data. Incidence rates for nonfatal outcomes of child injuries in 2005 were estimated through a time- and place-limited sample hospital registry study for injuries. We used the World Health Organization's methods for estimation of years of life lost due to premature mortality and years lived with disability in 2005.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Injuries were the most important cause of death in children ages 1 to 14, with 35, 33.4, 24.9, and 22.9 deaths per 100,000 in the 0-14, 1-4, 5-9, and 10-14 age groups respectively. Road transport injuries were responsible for the highest death rate per 100,000 population among all types of injuries in children, with 15.5 for ages 0-14, 16.1 for ages 1-4, 16.3 for ages 5-9, and 13.1 for ages 10-14. Incidence rates of injuries leading to hospitalization were 459, 530, and 439 per 100,000 in the 0-14, 1-4, and 5-14 age groups respectively. Incidence rates of injuries leading to outpatient care were 1,812, 2,390, and 1,650 per 100,000 in the same age groups respectively. Among injury types, falls and burns had the highest hospitalization and outpatient care incidence rates.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Injuries, particularly road transport injuries, were the most important health problem of children in Iran in 2003 and 2005. Strong social policy is needed to ensure child survival.</p

Years of life lost because of premature death due to intentional and unintentional accidents in Ghazvin province from 2004 till 2008

Background: Accidents are the second cause of death in Iran and one of the significant challenges in public health. They can affect people in all ages. In this study, we try to calculate years of life lost due to intentional and unintentional injuries, which is considered as one of the main indicators for prioritizing public health problems.  Methods: This study is a practical cross sectional survey research HSR (health system research) that uses secondary analysis on the death data of Ghazvin province. The calculations also take into account the WHO standards in age group, sex and years of life lost (YLL) due to death.  Results: This study showed that the unintentional accidents were the leading cause of death based on YLL from 2004 until 2008 in Ghazvin province. The number of deaths due to intentional and unintentional accidents was 3796 deaths as of which 2954 (77.8%) was male and 842 (22.2%) female. In general three quarter of the YLL due to early death relates to accidents for males and less than a quarter relates to accidents for females. Between 2004 until 2008, the maximum number of years of life lost (YLL) in both sexes is for the age group of 15 to 49.  Conclusion: Considering the high level of years of life lost (YLL) due to accident in this province, especially in men, more appropriate interventions for the more risk prone age groups and male in general need to be taken into account

Factors affecting the technical efficiency of health systems: A case study of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) countries (2004–10)

Background: Improving efficiency of health sector is of particular importance in all countries. To reach this end, it is paramount to measure the efficiency. On the other hand, there are many factors that affect the efficiency of health systems. This study aimed to measure the Technical Efficiency (TE) of health systems in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) countries during 2004–10 and to determine the factors affecting their TE. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical and panel study. The required data were gathered using library and field studies, available statistics and international websites through completing data collection forms. In this study, the TE of health systems in 10 ECO countries was measured using their available data and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) through two approaches. The first approach used GDP per capita, education and smoking as its inputs and life expectancy and infant mortality rates as the outputs. The second approach, also, used the health expenditures per capita, the number of physicians per thousand people, and the number of hospital beds per thousand people as its inputs and life expectancy and under-5 mortality rates as the outputs. Then, the factors affecting the TE of health systems were determined using the panel data logit model. Excel 2010, Win4Deap 1.1.2 and Stata 11.0 were used to analyze the collected data. Results: According to the first approach, the mean TE of health systems was 0.497 and based on the second one it was 0.563. Turkey and Turkmenistan had, respectively, the highest and lowest mean of efficiency. Also, the results of panel data logit model showed that only GDP per capita and health expenditures per capita had significant relationships with the TE of health systems. Conclusion: In order to maximize the TE of health systems, health policy-makers should pay special attention to the proper use of healthcare resources according to the people’s needs, the appropriate management of the health system resources, allocating adequate budgets to the health sector, establishing an appropriate referral system to provide better public access to health services according to their income and needs, among many others

The relationship between the dimensions of job burnout with workplace physical environment and facilities among health workers in Golestan province

Background and Aims: Job burnout is the reaction of workers to chronic stress, with disastrous physical, psychological and adverse organizational consequences for employees. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the dimensions of job burnout and workplace physical environment and facilities among health workers in Golestan province.Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 1141 respondents out of totally 1275 health workers in Golestan province participated in the survey. The sampling method was census. Data collection was done through a questionnaire dealing with physical environment and facilities of workplace as well as Maslach burnout inventory. Verbal consent was obtained from all participants and their responses werekept confidentially. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Chi-Square test at a significance level of 0.05Results: The results of the present survey indicate that the physical condition of the workplace was assessed as weak by 17.4% of participants. Similarly, 24.8% of respondents assessed health house facilities asweak. There were significant relationships between emotional exhaustion and physical condition as well as workplace facilities (p&lt;0.005). The study, however, did not show a significant relationship between depersonalization and personal performance and workplace physical conditions and facilities (p&gt;0.005).Conclusion: Regarding the relatively poor workplace physical conditions and facilities, it is recommended to improve these conditions in order to decrease health workers emotional exhaustion.Keywords: Job burnout, Physical environment, Facilities, Health house, Health worker, Golestan provinceFor downloading the full text please click her

Assessment of human and physical resources in health houses and health-care centers providing emergency services: a study in Golestan province

Background and Aims: The right information on current situation such as physical space, equipment and manpower make it possible to assess emergency activities as well as to manage and provide qualified services to patients. The aim of this study was to determine human and physical resources in health houses and health care centers to provide emergency services in Golestan province. Background and Aims: The right information on current situation such as physical space, equipment and manpower make it possible to assess emergency activities as well as to manage and provide qualified services to patients. The aim of this study was to determine human and physical resources in health houses and health care centers to provideemergency services in Golestan province.Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross sectional study was performed in Golestan province in 2012. The study population was health houses and health centers (both rural and urban). A multi-stage sampling method was exploited and required data were collected by check list through interviews and observations. All stagesof this research project were conducted ethically. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS 16.Results: The results of this study show that about 17.9 percent of health houses had no male health workers and a lack of female health workers was noticed in 2.4 percent of them. Similarly, there is not any nurse in 38.9 percent of health care centers. About 94.4 percent of centers suffered from having male nurse’s aid and 97.2 of them had no female nurse’s aid. The results further indicated that most of health houses were in a good level with regard to medical equipments (66.7%) and needed medications (63.6%). The majority of health care centers (63.9%) were indeed at intermediate level considering injection chamber and at very week level (52.4%) from the wound dressing point of view. The studied centers lacked the requisite medications and were at low levels. 74.33 percent of health care centers suffered from an apparent lack of dressing room facilities. About 85.3 percent of health centers showed ambulance deficit.Conclusion: According to the low levels of personal resources, equipment and physical spaces in studied health care centers, it is necessary to consider appropriate measures in order to improve the situation in these centers. Journal of Health in the Field, Vol.3, No.4, Winter 2016 Keywords: Personal resources, Physical resources, Health house, Health care center, Emergency services in Golestan province.Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross sectional study was performed in Golestan province in 2012. The study population was health houses and health centers (both rural and urban). A multi-stage sampling method was exploited and required data were collected by check list through interviews and observations. All stages of this research project were conducted ethically. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS 16.Results: The results of this study show that about 17.9 percent of health houses had no male health workers and a lack of female health workers was noticed in 2.4 percent of them. Similarly, there is not any nurse in 38.9 percent of health care centers. About 94.4 percent of centers suffered from having male nurse’s aid and 97.2 of them had no female nurse’s aid. The results further indicated that most of health houses were in a good level with regard to medical equipments (66.7%) and needed medications (63.6%). The majority of health care centers (63.9%) were indeed at intermediate level considering injection chamber and at very week level (52.4%) from the wound dressing point of view. The studied centers lacked the requisite medications and were at low levels. 74.33 percent of health care centers suffered from an apparent lack of dressing room facilities. About 85.3 percent of health centers showed ambulance deficit.Conclusion: According to the low levels of personal resources, equipment and physical spaces in studied health care centers, it is necessary to consider appropriate measures in order to improve the situation in these centers.Journal of Health in the Field, Vol.3, No.4, Winter 2016Keywords: Personal resources, Physical resources, Health house, Health care center, EmergencyFor downloading the full text please click here

بررسی ارتباط ابعاد فرسودگی شغلی با محیط فیزیکی و امکانات محل کار در بهورزان استان گلستان

ackground and Aims: Job burnout is the reaction of workers to chronic stress, with disastrous physical, psychological and adverse organizational consequences for employees. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the dimensions of job burnout and workplace physical environment and facilities among health workers in Golestan province.Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 1141 respondents out of totally 1275 health workers in Golestan province participated in the survey. The sampling method was census. Data collection was done through a questionnaire dealing with physical environment and facilities of workplace as well as Maslach burnout inventory. Verbal consent was obtained from all participants and their responses werekept confidentially. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Chi-Square test at a significance level of 0.05 Results: The results of the present survey indicate that the physical condition of the workplace was assessed as weak by 17.4% of participants. Similarly, 24.8% of respondents assessed health house facilities asweak. There were significant relationships between emotional exhaustion and physical condition as well as workplace facilities (p&lt;0.005). The study, however, did not show a significant relationship between depersonalization and personal performance and workplace physical conditions and facilities (p&gt;0.005).Conclusion: Regarding the relatively poor workplace physical conditions and facilities, it is recommended to improve these conditions in order to decrease health workers emotional exhaustion.زمینه و اهداف: فرسودگي شغلي واكنش کارکنان در برابر تنش هاي مزمن می‌باشد و تأثیرات مخرب جسمی و روحی و پیامدهای سازمانی نامطلوبی را برای شاغلین به همراه دارد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه تعیین ارتباط ابعاد فرسودگی شغلی با محیط فیزیکی و امکانات محل کار در بهورزان استان گلستان بود. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه مقطعی، از بین 1275 بهورز شاغل در استان گلستان، 1141 نفر در مطالعه شرکت نمودند. ابزار جمع‌آوري داده ها شامل دو پرسشنامه شرایط فیزیکی و امکانات محل کار و پرسشنامه فرسودگی شغلی مزلاچ بود. از تمام شرکت کنندگان رضایت شفاهی کسب گردید و پاسخهای آنان محرمانه باقی ماند. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار &nbsp;SPSSو آزمون Chi-Square در سطح معنی داری 0/05آنالیز شد. یافته‌ها: 17/5% بهورزان شرایط فیزیکی محیط کار و 24/8% امکانات خانه بهداشت را ضعیف می دانستند. حیطه خستگی عاطفی با وضعیت محیط فیزیکی و وضعیت امکانات خانه بهداشت از نظر آماری ارتباط معنی داری داشت (0/005&gt;p). حیطه های مسخ شخصیت و کاهش عملکرد فردی با وضعیت محیط فیزیکی و امکانات خانه بهداشت از نظر آماری ارتباط معنی داری نداشت (0/005&lt;p). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به شرایط فیزیکی و امکانات نسبتاً نامطلوب خانه‌های بهداشت، به منظور بهبود و رفع خستگی عاطفی بهورزان بهبود شرایط فیزیکی و وضعیت امکانات خانه‌های بهداشت پیشنهاد می‌گردد