Quelles influences ont les programmes et les formateurs sur les attitudes des futures enseignantes envers les élèves ayant des difficultés comportementales ?

Inclusive education is not always positively experienced by teachers of students with behavioural difficulties (DC); the use of certain practices would be particularly harmful to their success (Payne, 2015). These practices would be associated with teachers’ attitudes, which in turn would be influenced by the training received (Kim, 2011). Based on the tripartite model and a series of regressions, this article examines the attitudes of 1491 preservice teachers and explores the influence of teaching training programs. The results show that these programs positively influence the components of attitude, although the explained variance remains low. Keywords: teacher training, students with emotional and behavioural difficulties, preservice teachers, university trainers, field mentor, mainstreamingL’éducation inclusive n’est pas toujours vécue positivement par les futures enseignantes d’élèves en difficulté de comportement (DC) ; le recours à certaines pratiques serait notamment nuisible à leur réussite (Payne, 2015). Ces pratiques sont associées aux attitudes entretenues par les enseignantes, qui seraient à leur tour influencées par la formation reçue (Kim, 2011). En s’appuyant sur le modèle tripartite et une série de régressions, cet article examine les attitudes de 1 491 futures enseignantes et explore l’influence des programmes de formation initiale à l’enseignement sur celles-ci. Les résultats révèlent que ces programmes influencent positivement les composantes de l’attitude, bien que la variance expliquée demeure faible. Mots-clés : programme de formation à l’enseignement, élèves, difficultés comportementales, futures enseignantes, formatrices et formateurs universitaires, enseignantes associées, classe ordinair

Adipose tissue attenuation and adipocyte size

Objective: To assess the ability of CT-derived measurements including adipose tissue attenuation and area to predict fat cell hypertrophy and related cardiometabolic risk. Methods: Abdominal adipose tissue areas and radiologic attenuation were assessed using 4 CT images in 241 women (age: 47 years, BMI: 26.5 kg/m2). Fat cell weight was measured in paired VAT and SAT samples. Fasting plasma lipids, glucose and insulin levels were measured. Results: Adipose tissue attenuation was negatively correlated with SAT (r=-0.46) and VAT (r=-0.67) fat cell weight in the corresponding depot (p<0.0001 for both). Women with visceral adipocyte hypertrophy had higher total-, VLDL-, LDL- and HDL-triglyceride and apoB levels as well as a higher cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, fasting glucose and insulin levels compared to women with smaller visceral adipocytes. Adjustment for VAT area minimized these differences while subsequent adjustment for attenuation eliminated all differences, with the exception of fasting glycaemia. In SAT, adjustment for VAT area and attenuation eliminated all adipocyte hypertrophy-related alterations except for fasting hyperglycaemia. Conclusion: CT-derived adipose tissue attenuation and area both contribute to explain variation in the cardiometabolic risk profile associated with the same biological parameter: visceral fat cell hypertrophy

La scolarisation des élèves présentant des difficultés comportementales : analyse écologique des conditions relatives à leur intégration au secondaire

L’intégration scolaire des élèves présentant des difficultés comportementales demeure celle qui représente le plus de défis pour les écoles. En s’appuyant sur le modèle écologique de Bronfenbrenner (1979), cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche visant à documenter les conditions favorables et défavorables à sa mise en oeuvre. S’inscrivant dans une approche qualitative interprétative, des entretiens ont été animés auprès de 67 membres du personnel scolaire de 5 écoles secondaires québécoises. Les résultats révèlent que la qualité des pratiques enseignantes joue un rôle déterminant dans l’établissement d’une école inclusive susceptible de soutenir la réussite des élèves en difficulté de comportement.

Regards d’enseignants québécois sur les élèves doués : points de vue diversifiés

This study examines teachers’ perceptions of gifted students in their class, in a Quebec school service centre, and the influence of personal and contextual variables. The sample consists of 21 primary school teachers (18 women and 3 men). After the lexical analysis carried out with the Alceste software, four specific classes of statements emerge from the teachers’ discourse. In addition, age, teaching cycle, type of class, number of years of experience, involvement in an intervention plan and experience with giftedness predict the heterogeneity of the perceptions of teachers towards giftedness. The results suggest more traditional and stereotypical perceptions of giftedness by teachers. Keywords: perceptions, representations, teachers, giftedness, characteristics, high potential, lexical analysisCette étude s’intéresse aux perceptions des enseignants concernant les élèves doués de leur classe, dans un centre de services scolaire québécois, et à l’influence de certaines variables personnelles et contextuelles sur ces perceptions. L’échantillon se compose de 21 enseignants du primaire (18 femmes et 3 hommes). À l’issue de l’analyse lexicale réalisée avec le logiciel Alceste, quatre classes d’énoncés spécifiques se dégagent du discours des enseignants. L’âge, le cycle d’enseignement, le type de classe, le nombre d’années d’expérience, l’implication dans un plan d’intervention et l’expérience envers la douance constituent des facteurs explicatifs de l’hétérogénéité des perceptions des enseignants envers la douance. Les résultats portent également à croire que des perceptions plus traditionnelles et stéréotypées de la douance persistent chez certains enseignants. Mots-clés : perceptions, représentations, enseignants, douance, caractéristiques, haut potentiel, analyse lexical

Twenty-year follow-up of kangaroo mother care versus traditional care

Q1Q1e20162063BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a multifaceted intervention for preterm and low birth weight infants and their parents. Short- and mid-term benefits of KMC on survival, neurodevelopment, breastfeeding, and the quality of mother–infant bonding were documented in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in Colombia from 1993 to 1996. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the persistence of these results in young adulthood. METHODS: From 2012 to 2014, a total of 494 (69%) of the 716 participants of the original RCT known to be alive were identified; 441 (62% of the participants in the original RCT) were re-enrolled, and results for the 264 participants weighing ≤1800 g at birth were analyzed. The KMC and control groups were compared for health status and neurologic, cognitive, and social functioning with the use of neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and behavioral tests. RESULTS: The effects of KMC at 1 year on IQ and home environment were still present 20 years later in the most fragile individuals, and KMC parents were more protective and nurturing, reflected by reduced school absenteeism and reduced hyperactivity, aggressiveness, externalization, and socio-deviant conduct of young adults. Neuroimaging showed larger volume of the left caudate nucleus in the KMC group. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that KMC had significant, long-lasting social and behavioral protective effects 20 years after the intervention. Coverage with this efficient and scientifically based health care intervention should be extended to the 18 million infants born each year who are candidates for the method

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity