The effect of the state sector on wage inequality in urban China: 1988–2007

This paper examines the effect of the public sector and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) on wage inequality in urban China using China Household Income Project data. It applies quantile regression analysis, the Machado and Mata decomposition to investigate how urban wage inequality was affected by the changes in wage structure and employment shares of the public sector and SOEs. We find that since the radical state sector reforms designed to reduce overstaffing and improve efficiency in the late 1990s, urban wage gaps were narrowed due to the reduction in the employment share of the state sector; the wage premium of the state sector in comparison with the non-state sector increased significantly; and changes in the wage structure of the labour market caused the rise in urban wage inequality

Perbedaan Kelarutan Kalsium Gigi Sulung Setelah Direndam dalam Jus Lemon (Citrus limon) dan Yogurt

Tooth erosion is common problem and its prevalence is increasing in children. Children's penchant for consuming packaged drinks that have high acid content triggers tooth erosion. Tooth erosion is characterized by mineral solubility on the tooth surface due to consuming acidic foods and drinks continuously for a long time. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the calcium solubility of primary teeth after immersing in lemon juice (Citrus limon) and yogurt. This research method is experimental laboratory with post-test control group design using twenty-seven mandibular primary incisors which were divided into two groups (control and treatment). The treatment group was divided into six sub-groups, immersing in lemon juice for 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours and yogurt for 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, while the control group was divided into three subgroups, immersing in artificial saliva. 6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours. Testing the calcium solubility using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) then the differences between groups were analyzed using one way ANOVA. The results showed a significant difference, the solubility of calcium after immersing in lemon juice for 18 hours was 66.76 ppm and the solubility of calcium after immersing in yogurt for 18 hours was 22.07 ppm. So, it can be concluded that the calcium solubility in primary teeth after immersing in lemon juice is greater than yogurt

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Dentinal Ultrastructure In Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) associated with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta, type I (DI) is a rare genetic condition, where mutations of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes result in variations of the collagen α-chains. The collagen fibrils are expected to be abnormally thin. These alterations have been shown to affect the bones, but have not yet been elucidated in the dentinal collagen. Objectives: Evaluation of demineralisation protocols to expose dentinal collagen for permanent and primary teeth and to characterise the morphology of dentinal collagen ultrastructure in primary DI type I using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Methods: Primary (6) and permanent (6) control teeth plus one DI type I primary tooth have been used.To reveal the dentinal collagen structure, four demineralisation approaches have been evaluated: 1) two blocks of dentine were treated with 10 vol% citric acid for 15seconds and 6.5 vol% NaOCLaq for 120s; 2) dentine blocks treated with commercial etchant and 6.5 vol% NaOCLaq. These demineralised dentine were characterized using Raman spectrocopy and AFM ; 3) teeth demineralised in 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 12 months before being histology sectioned and stained with Picrosirius red; and 4) dentine block was treated with 17% EDTA for 10 minutes. Both demineralised samples were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: All demineralisation protocols achieved partial or complete demineralisation of the dentine. Demineralisation with commercial etchant and NaOCI produced visibly defined collagen fibrils in primary and permanent teeth. A shorter time was sufficient for demineralisation in primary teeth. In OI associated DI primary tooth; AFM images revealed an area of thickened dentinal collagen fibrils that distributed at only one a direction with a wide distribution of D-banding distance, suggesting less regular banding pattern. Conclusion: The difference in dentinal collagen fibril arrangement and D-banding distance in the affected primary tooth may lead explain the altered mineralization

Characterization and structural properties of bamboo fibre solid foams

In this work, cellulose fibres extracted from bamboo culms were used to fabricate two types of cellular materials: rigid foams and fibrous networks. A relatively simple and low-technology fabrication method is presented, using natural binders and blowing agents to manufacture rigid foams, and fibrillation by partial hydrolysis in H2SO4 to manufacture fibrous networks. The compressive response is related to the internal microstructure and processing parameters. In the case of fibrous networks, the achievable relative density range is determined by the length of initial fibres and extent of external fibrillation. The compressive properties are dictated both by the density of the network and strength of the fibrous bridges, showing a linear stiffness-density relationship due to the length of fibres, and an inverse relationship at increased external fibrillation. The rigid foams showed an orthotropic internal microstructure but nearly isotropic compressive response, due to the influence of the interpenetrating void structure on the deformation and fracture mechanisms. The results show the potential of bamboo-fibre porous materials as low cost, lightweight structural materials

Foreign language educators’ exposure to research: reported experiences, exposure via citations, and a proposal for action

This article reports on 2 connected studies that provide data about the flow of research to foreign language (FL) educators in majority Anglophone contexts. The first study investigated exposure to research among FL educators in the United Kingdom using 2 surveys (n = 391; n = 183). The data showed (a) some limited exposure to research via professional association publications and events, (b) negligible direct exposure to publications in the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), (c) barriers to exposure caused by poor physical and conceptual access, despite generally positive perceptions of research, and (d) the importance of university‐based teacher educators for research–practice interfaces. The second study investigated the potential for indirect exposure to research from 7 professional publications over 5 years in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We systematically reviewed the extent to which these professional publications referenced 29 SSCI journals that aim to publish pedagogy‐relevant research. In our corpus of 8,516 references in 284 articles in professional journals, the mean proportion of references to all 29 SSCI journals, combined, was 12.43% per professional article. The overall mean number of references to each SSCI journal was 0.17 per professional article. The emerging picture is rather bleak, and we propose action from academic journals and researchers to promote a more international, systematic, and sustainable flow of research