Simple gold recovery from e-waste leachate by selective precipitation using a quaternary ammonium salt

Precipitation processes, if selective, present a simple and economical alternative for the recovery of critical metals from primary and secondary ores including electronic wastes. In this work, the recovery of gold by precipitation from both mono-elemental solutions and real CPU leach solution was demonstrated using hydrophilic quaternary ammonium salts. The gold precipitation yield is shown to be dependent on the apolar volume of the precipitant, with the addition of tetrabutylammonium-based salts resulting in the recovery of over 90 % of gold from synthetic solutions. The origin of gold precipitation selectivity relative to common metal ions upon addition of tetrabutylammonium nitrate ([N4444][NO3]) was assigned by X-ray crystal structure to the formation of size selective apolar cavity between neighbouring [N4444]+ cation and the [AuCl4]- anion. Following optimisation as a function of the gold to precipitant molar ratio, aqua regia concentration and time, approximately 70 % of gold could be recovered from waste CPU leach solution with a final purity of 91.4 % (mol/mol). [N4444][NO3] proved to be a versatile gold extractant and could be further applied as part of an acidic aqueous biphasic system at higher aqua regia concentrations were precipitation yields decreased, ensuring a selective gold recovery across a range of leachate conditions. The disclosed results improve the circularity of gold by providing a new avenue for its simple recycling.publishe

Effect Of Freezing Methods On The Properties Of Lyophilized Porous Silk Fibroin Membranes

Silk fibroin is a fibrous protein that has been extensively studied for application in the biomedical field, and has been used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials made of proteins are prone to physical and chemical degradation during storage; lyophilization, a drying method that consists of freezing and drying steps, is known to promote minimal changes in structure and biological activity of biomaterials. This study evaluates the effect of freezing methods on the properties of lyophilized porous silk fibroin membranes. The membranes were obtained from silk fibroin solution, frozen in liquid nitrogen or ultrafreezer, lyophilized, and then characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC and SEM. Although the membranes presented similar physical, chemical and microstructural characteristics, quench freezing with liquid nitrogen, followed by lyophilization, promoted collapse of the membranes, while slow cooling performed by ultrafreezer preserved membrane integrity.122233237Tamada, Y., New process to form a silk fibroin porous 3-D structure (2005) Biomacromolecules, 6 (6), pp. 3100-3106Park, K., Jung, S., Lee, S., Min, B., Park, W., Biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds: Preparation and characterization of chitin/silk fibroin blend nanofibers (2006) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 38 (3-5), pp. 165-173Sashina, E., Bochek, A., Novoselov, N., Kirichenko, D., Structure and solubility of natural silk fibroin (2006) Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 79 (6), pp. 869-876Vasconcelos, A., Freddi, G., Cavaco-Paulo, A., Biodegradable materials based on silk fibroin and keratin (2008) Biomacromolecules, 9 (4), pp. 1299-1305Roy, I., Gupta, M., Freeze-drying of proteins: Some emerging concerns (2004) Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 39 (2), pp. 165-177Tang, X., Pikal, M., Design of freeze-drying processes for pharmaceuticals: Practical advice (2004) Pharmaceutical Research, 21 (2), pp. 191-200Sablani, S., Influence of shelf temperature on pore formation in garlic during freeze-drying (2006) Journal of Food Engineering, 80 (1), pp. 68-79Luthra, S., Obert, J., Kalonia, D., Pikal, M., Impact of critical process and formulation parameters affecting in-process stability of lactate dehydrogenase during the secondary drying stage of lyophilization: A mini freeze dryer study (2007) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 96 (9), pp. 2242-2250Wang, W., Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals (2000) International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 203 (1-2), pp. 1-60Rambhatla, S., Ramot, R., Bhugra, C., Pikal, M., Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze drying: II. control and characterization of the degree of supercooling (2004) AAPS PharmSciTech, 5 (4), pp. e58Chang, B., Kendrick, B., Carpenter, J., Surface-induced denaturation of proteins during freezing and its inhibition by surfactants (1996) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 85 (12), pp. 1325-1330Searles, J., Carpenter, J., Randolph, T., The ice nucleation temperature determines the primary drying rate of lyophilization for samples frozen on a temperature-controlled shelf (2001) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 90 (7), pp. 860-871Kim, H., Kim, U., Leisk, G., Bayan, C., Georgakoudi, I., Kaplan, D., Bone regeneration on macroporous aqueous-derived silk 3-D scaffolds (2007) Macromolecular Bioscience, 7 (5), pp. 643-655Wang, Y., Rudym, D., Walsh, A., Abrahamsen, L., Kim, H.J., Kim, H.S., In vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds (2008) Biomaterials, 29 (24-25), pp. 3415-3428Ki, C., Park, S., Kim, H., Jung, H., Woo, K., Lee, J., Development of 3-D nanofibrous fibroin scaffold with high porosity by electrospinning: Implications for bone regeneration (2008) Biotechnology Letters, 30 (3), pp. 405-410Lv, Q., Feng, Q., Preparation of 3-D regenerated fibroin scaffolds with freeze drying method and freeze drying/foaming technique (2006) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 17 (12), pp. 1349-1356Beppu M, Polakiewicz B, Nogueira G. PI: 0601975-72006. INPI/Brazil2006Li, M., Lu, S., Wu, Z., Tan, K., Minoura, N., Kuga, S., Structure and properties of silk fibroin-poly(vinyl alcohol) gel (2002) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 30 (2), pp. 89-94Lin, F., Li, Y., Jin, J., Cai, Y., Wei, K., Yao, J., Deposition behavior and properties of silk fibroin scaffolds soaked in simulated body fluid (2008) Materials Chemistry and Physics, 111 (1), pp. 92-97Um, I., Kweon, H., Park, Y., Hudson, S., Structural characteristics and properties of the regenerated silk fibroin prepared from formic acid (2001) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 29 (2), pp. 91-97Zoccola, M., Aluigi, A., Vineis, C., Tonin, C., Ferrero, F., Piacentino, M.G., Study on cast membranes and electrospun nanofibers made from keratin/fibroin blends (2008) Biomacromolecules, 9 (10), pp. 2819-2825Kim, H.J., Kim, U., Kim, H.S., Li, C., Wada, M., Leisk, G., Bone tissue engineering with premineralized silk scaffolds (2008) Bone, 42 (6), pp. 1226-1234Bhatnagar, B., Bogner, R., Pikal, M., Protein stability during freezing: Separation of stresses and mechanisms of protein stabilization (2007) Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 12 (5), pp. 505-52

Renormalizability of the local composite operator A^2 in linear covariant gauges

The local composite operator $A_{\mu}^{2}$ is analysed within the algebraic renormalization in Yang-Mills theories in linear covariant gauges. We establish that it is multiplicatively renormalizable to all orders of perturbation theory. Its anomalous dimension is computed to two-loops in the MSbar scheme.Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX, final version to appear in Phys. Lett.

Nova cultivar de amendoim para as condições do nordeste brasileiro.

A BRS 151 L-7 é uma nova cultivar de amendoim, de sementes de coloração vermelha, de forma oblonga, desenvolvida pela Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Algodão (CNPA), e destinada ao consumo in natura e à indústria de alimentos. A cultivar é de porte ereto, resultante do cruzamento entre a cultivar produtiva IAC-Tupã (tipo Valência) e a cultivar Senegal 55-437 (tipo Spanish), de ciclo curto. Em ensaios regionais realizados em 27 municípios de quatro estados da Região Nordeste, a cultivar apresentou grande potencial para produtividade de sementes, ciclo vegetativo de 87 dias, tolerância ao estresse hídrico, e grande adaptação ao cultivo em clima semi-árido. Sua produtividade média de vagens em condições experimentais é de 1.850 kg ha-1 em cultivo de sequeiro, e 4.500 kg ha-1 em condições irrigadas, o que corresponde a uma elevação na ordem de 12% e 38%, respectivamente, com relação à produtividade da cultivar tradicional Tatu. No aspecto nutricional, a cultivar BRS 151 L-7 tem baixo teor de óleo (46%), e sua farinha desengordurada contém 55% de proteína; entre os aminoácidos essenciais, é limitante apenas no teor de lisina, em comparação com o padrão da FAO/85

Symmetry Nonrestoration in a Gross-Neveu Model with Random Chemical Potential

We study the symmetry behavior of the Gross-Neveu model in three and two dimensions with random chemical potential. This is equivalent to a four-fermion model with charge conjugation symmetry as well as Z_2 chiral symmetry. At high temperature the Z_2 chiral symmetry is always restored. In three dimensions the initially broken charge conjugation symmetry is not restored at high temperature, irrespective of the value of the disorder strength. In two dimensions and at zero temperature the charge conjugation symmetry undergoes a quantum phase transition from a symmetric state (for weak disorder) to a broken state (for strong disorder) as the disorder strength is varied. For any given value of disorder strength, the high-temperature behavior of the charge conjugation symmetry is the same as its zero-temperature behavior. Therefore, in two dimensions and for strong disorder strength the charge conjugation symmetry is not restored at high temperature.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure

Building The Sugarcane Genome For Biotechnology And Identifying Evolutionary Trends

Background: Sugarcane is the source of sugar in all tropical and subtropical countries and is becoming increasingly important for bio-based fuels. However, its large (10 Gb), polyploid, complex genome has hindered genome based breeding efforts. Here we release the largest and most diverse set of sugarcane genome sequences to date, as part of an on-going initiative to provide a sugarcane genomic information resource, with the ultimate goal of producing a gold standard genome.Results: Three hundred and seventeen chiefly euchromatic BACs were sequenced. A reference set of one thousand four hundred manually-annotated protein-coding genes was generated. A small RNA collection and a RNA-seq library were used to explore expression patterns and the sRNA landscape. In the sucrose and starch metabolism pathway, 16 non-redundant enzyme-encoding genes were identified. One of the sucrose pathway genes, sucrose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase, is duplicated in sugarcane and sorghum, but not in rice and maize. A diversity analysis of the s6pp duplication region revealed haplotype-structured sequence composition. Examination of hom(e)ologous loci indicate both sequence structural and sRNA landscape variation. A synteny analysis shows that the sugarcane genome has expanded relative to the sorghum genome, largely due to the presence of transposable elements and uncharacterized intergenic and intronic sequences.Conclusion: This release of sugarcane genomic sequences will advance our understanding of sugarcane genetics and contribute to the development of molecular tools for breeding purposes and gene discovery. © 2014 de Setta et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.151European Commission: Agriculture and Rural Development: Sugar http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/sugar/index_en.htmKellogg, E.A., Evolutionary history of the grasses (2001) Plant Physiol, 125, pp. 1198-1205Grivet, L., Arruda, P., Sugarcane genomics: depicting the complex genome of an important tropical crop (2001) Curr Opin Plant Biol, 5, pp. 122-127Piperidis, G., Piperidis, N., D'Hont, A., Molecular cytogenetic investigation of chromosome composition and transmission in sugarcane (2010) Mol Genet Genomics, 284, pp. 65-73D'Hont, A., 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