Programa bolsa família e mobilidade social: uma proposta de uma investigação / Family fellowship program and social mobility: a proposal for an investigation

O cenário brasileiro ao longo de sua história apresentou – e apresenta – um contexto de acentuada desigualdade social, onde enorme parte da população encontra-se em situação de pobreza. A perpetuação dessa pobreza em gerações seguintes é um desdobramento problemático e complexo para a política de combate à desigualdade no Brasil. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir e elaborar perguntas sobre interrupção do ciclo da pobreza e sobre portas de saída, considerando o Programa Bolsa Família.

INDUÇÃO DA RESPOSTA IMUNE COM CÉLULAS TUMORAIS MCF7 PRÉ-TRATADAS COM MESOCARPO DE BABAÇU

A imunoterapia é uma estratégia promissora para o tratamento do câncer. E o mesocarpo obtido do fruto do Babaçu (Attalea speciosa) demonstra atividade imunomoduladora com relevantes pers- pectivas na atividade antitumoral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar resposta imune antitumoral contra células tumorais pré-tratadas com Extrato Aquoso de Mesocarpo de Babaçu (EAMB). As células tumorais MCF-7 foram ressuspensas no EAMB para determinação da viabilidade celular. Posteriormente, os ani- mais foram inoculados com MCF-7 ressuspensas em salina ou EAMB, por via subcutânea, nos dias 0, 5 e 10. No dia 15, os animais foram eutanasiados e o baço retirado cirurgicamente. Os esplenócitos foram caracterizados por fenotipagem com anticorpos monoclonais para células aderentes e não aderentes por citometria de fluxo. Parte das células não aderentes foram usadas para co-cultura com MCF-7 por 5 dias e depois feita fenotipagem dos esplenócitos. A viabilidade celular foi de 97% e não houve diferença no peso do baço entre os grupos. A frequência de células aderentes que expressam os marcadores IA/IE e Ly-6G foram maiores no grupo MCF-7 pré-tratadas com EAMB quando comparado com o controle. Na fe- notipagem de células não aderentes foi observada uma proporção de 1:2 linfócitos T CD8+ para linfócitos T CD4+. Contudo, após 5 dias de co-cultura com MCF-7, os esplenócitos obtidos dos animais estimulados com MCF-7 pré-tratados com EAMB apresentaram aumento de células T helper e citotóxicas, alterando a relação para 1:1. Os resultados mostram que o EAMB pode induzir uma resposta imunogênica específica, atuando como um adjuvante da resposta imune antitumoral.Palavras-chave: Mesocarpo de Babaçu. Células Tumorais MCF-7. Adjuvante Imunológico. ANTITUMOR IMMUNE RESPONSE BY MCF7 TUMOR CELLS PRETREATED WITH BABASSU MESOCARPABSTRACT: The immunotherapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. The mesocarp obtained from the fruit of the Babassu Palm (Attalea speciosa) demonstrates immunomodulating activity with relevant perspectives in antitumor activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate antitumoral immune response against tumor cells pre-treated with Aqueous Extract of Mesocarp of Babassu (AEMB). The tu- mor cells MCF-7 were resuspended in EAMB for determination of cell viability. Subsequently, the animals were inoculated with MCF-7 resuspended in saline or EAMB, subcutaneously, on days 0, 5 and 10. On day15, the animals were euthanized and the spleen surgically removed. The splenocyte were characterized by phenotyping with monoclonal antibodies for adherent cells and non-adhrent cells for flow cytometry. Part of non-adherent cells were used for co-culture with MCF-7 for 5 days and then made phenotyping of splenocyte. The cell viability was 97% and there was no difference in the weight of the spleen between the groups. The frequency of adherent cells that express markers IA/IE and Ly-6G were higher in group MCF-7 pre-treated with EAMB when compared with the control. In phenotyping of non-adherent cells was observed a ratio of 1:2 T lymphocytes CD8+ to CD4+ T lymphocytes. However, after 5 days of co-culture with MCF-7, the splenocyte obtained from animals stimulated with MCF-7 pre-treated with EAMB showed increase of helper T cells and cytotoxic, changing the ratio to 1:1. The results show that the EAMB may induce an immunogenic response specifies, acting as an adjuvant of antitumour immune response.KEYWORDS: Babassu Mesocarp. Tumor Cells MCF-7. Immunological Adjuvant. RESPUESTA INDUCIDA POR LAS CÉLULAS TUMORALES MCF7 TRATADAS PREVIAMENTE CON MESOCARPIO “BABAÇU”RESUMEN: La inmunoterapia es una estrategia que fornece buenas perspectivas para el tratamiento del cáncer. El mesocarpio obtenido a partir del fruto del “babaçú” (Attalea speciosa) demuestra actividad inmunomoduladora con perspectivas de actividad antitumoral. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta inmune antitumoral contra las células tumorales tratadas previamente con extracto acuoso de mesocarpio de babaçú (EAMB). Las células tumorales MCF-7 fueron suspendidas nuevamente en EAMB para la determinación de viabilidad celular. Posteriormente, los animales fueron inoculados con MCF-7, cultivo en solución salina, o con EAMB, por vía subcutánea durante los días 0, 5 y 10. El día 15, los anima- les fueron sacrificados y el bazo extirpado quirúrgicamente. Los esplenócitos se caracterizaron mediante la prueba fenotípica con anticuerpos monoclonales de células adherentes y células no aderentes por cito- metría de flujo. Parte de las células adherentes fueron utilizadas para um co-cultivo con MCF-7 durante 5 días y luego realizó la prueba fenotípica de los esplenocitos. La viabilidad de las células fue del 97% y no hubo diferencia en el peso del bazo entre los grupos. La frecuencia de células adherentes que expresan marcadores IA/IE y Ly-6G fue mayor en el grupo MCF-7 pre-tratados con EAMB en comparación con el control. En la prueba fenotípica de las células adherentes se observó una proporción de 1:2 linfocitos T CD8+ con respecto a los linfocitos T CD4+. Sin embargo, después de los 5 días de co-cultivo con MCF-7, los esplenocitos obtenidos a partir de animales estimulados con MCF-7 pre-tratados con EAMB mostraron aumento de células T CD4+ y TCD8+, cambiando la proporción de 1:1. Los resultados muestran que la EAMB puede inducir una respuesta inmunogénica especifica, actuando como un adyuvante de respuesta inmune antitumoral.PALABRAS CLAVE: mesocarpio. Células tumorales MCF-7. Adyuvantes inmunológicos

ATIVAÇÃO in vitro DO SISTEMA COMPLEMENTO COMO MECANISMO IMUNOMODULADOR INDUZIDO PELO MESOCARPO DE BABAÇU

O babaçu (Orbignya phalerata Mart), palmeira que representa o mais importante produto do extrativismo vegetal do  Maranhão,  produz  um  fruto,  côco  babaçu,  composto  predominantemente  por  carboidratos  e  que  apresenta  efeitos imunomodulatórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verifcar o potencial imunomodulador do mesocarpo de babaçu por ativação do sistema complemento. Foi utilizado o extrato aquoso de mesocarpo de babaçu, na concentração de 40 mg/mL e fltrado após 24 horas. A dosagem de proteínas  foi  realizada pelo método colorimétrico de Bradford. No ensaio hemaglutinante, usou-se um  lavado de hemácias 1%  tratadas por uma hora com extrato nas concentrações de 1,25, 2,5, 5, 10, 20 e 40mg/mL,   em  triplicata,  tendo como controle a suspensão de hemácias com  tampão salina fosfato. A aglutinação foi verifcada macro  e microscopicamente,  com  a  contagem  de  rosetas. O  ensaio  de  hemólise  foi  feito  usando  o  lavado  de  hemácias tratadas ou não com extrato na concentração de 40mg/mL, incubado por duas horas com soro normal ou inativado a 56°C, para verifcar desnaturação protéica. A concentração de hemoglobina no  sobrenadante da cultura  representou a atividade hemolisante. Nossos resultados mostraram que ensaio de hemaglutinação não apresentou diferença macroscópica entre os grupos. Microscópicamente, a presença de rosetas seguiu um padrão dose-dependente, sugerindo a presença de lectina no extrato,  entretanto  a  dosagem  de  proteínas  apresentou  concentrações  baixas. No  ensaio  de  hemólise,  a  concentração  de hemoglobina  foi maior na  cultura de hemácias  tratadas  com  extrato que o  controle. Para  confrmar  a  ação das proteinas do complemento, as hemácias tratadas com extrato foram incubadas com soro inativado, sendo verifcada uma redução da hemólise, se igualando ao controle. Os resultados mostram que o efeito imunomodulador do mesocapo de babaçu apresenta a participação do sistema complemento, possivelmente através da via das lectinas.Descritores: Mesocarpo de babaçu. Imunomodulação. Sistema Complemento; Lectinas. Carboidrato. AbstractEvaluation of complement system activation  in vitro as an  immunomodulation mechanism  induced by babassu mesocarp. Babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.), palm tree that represents the most important product extractive industry of Maranhão, produces a fruit, babassu coconut, composed mainly for carbohydrates and has immunomodulatory effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the immunomodulatory potencial of babassu mesocarp by activation of the complement system. We used the aqueous extract of babassu mesocarp concentration of 40 mg/mL and fltered after 24 hours. The measure protein concentration was performed by the colorimetric method of Bradford. In the hemagglutination assay was used a suspension of erythrocytes 1% treated or not  for one hour with extract concentrations 1,25, 2,5, 5, 10, 20 e 40mg/mL  in  triplicate, using  the suspension of erythrocytes  in phosphate buffered saline as control. Agglutination was observed macroscopically and microscopically by counting rosettes. The hemolysis assay was performed using the suspension of erythrocytes treated or not with extract concentration 40 mg/mL, incubated for two hours with normal serum or inactivated at 56º to check protein denaturation. Hemoglobin concentration in the in the culture supernatant represented hemolyzing  activity. Our  results  showed  that  hemagglutination  assay  showed  no macroscopic  difference  between  the groups. Microscopically,  the  presence  of  rosettes  followed  a  dose-dependent,  suggesting  the  presence  of  lectin  in  the extract, however measure protein showed low concentrations. In hemolysis assay, the concentration of hemoglobin was higher  in  culture  of  erythrocytes  treated with  extract  than  the  control. To  confrm  the  action  of  complement  proteins, erythrocytes treated with extract were incubated with inactivated serum, being observed a reduction of hemolysis similar to  control.  The  results  show  that  the  immunomodulatory  effect  of  babassu mesocarp  shows  the  participation  of  the complement system, possibly by way of lectins.Descriptors: Babassu Mesocarp. Immunomodulation. Complement System. Lectins. Carbohydrate

An investigation of the predictability of the Brazilian three-modal hand-based behavioural biometric: a feature selection and feature-fusion approach

Abstract: New security systems, methods or techniques need to have their performance evaluated in conditions that closely resemble a real-life situation. The effectiveness with which individual identity can be predicted in different scenarios can benefit from seeking a broad base of identity evidence. Many approaches to the implementation of biometric-based identification systems are possible, and different configurations are likely to generate significantly different operational characteristics. The choice of implementational structure is, therefore, very dependent on the performance criteria, which is most important in any particular task scenario. The issue of improving performance can be addressed in many ways, but system configurations based on integrating different information sources are widely adopted in order to achieve this. Thus, understanding how each data information can influence performance is very important. The use of similar modalities may imply that we can use the same features. However, there is no indication that very similar (such as keyboard and touch keystroke dynamics, for example) basic biometrics will perform well using the same set of features. In this paper, we will evaluate the merits of using a three-modal hand-based biometric database for user prediction focusing on feature selection as the main investigation point. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first thought-out analysis of a database with three modalities that were collected from the same users, containing keyboard keystroke, touch keystroke and handwritten signature. First, we will investigate how the keystroke modalities perform, and then, we will add the signature in order to understand if there is any improvement in the results. We have used a wide range of techniques for feature selection that includes filters and wrappers (genetic algorithms), and we have validated our findings using a clustering technique

Fluctuating temperature modifies heat-mortality association around the globe

Studies have investigated the effects of heat and temperature variability (TV) on mortality. However, few assessed whether TV modifies the heat-mortality association. Data on daily temperature and mortality in the warm season were collected from 717 locations across 36 countries. TV was calculated as the standard deviation of the average of the same and previous days’ minimum and maximum temperatures. We used location-specific quasi-Poisson regression models with an interaction term between the cross-basis term for mean temperature and quartiles of TV to obtain heat-mortality associations under each quartile of TV, and then pooled estimates at the country, regional, and global levels. Results show the increased risk in heat-related mortality with increments in TV, accounting for 0.70% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.33 to 1.69), 1.34% (95% CI: −0.14 to 2.73), 1.99% (95% CI: 0.29–3.57), and 2.73% (95% CI: 0.76–4.50) of total deaths for Q1–Q4 (first quartile–fourth quartile) of TV. The modification effects of TV varied geographically. Central Europe had the highest attributable fractions (AFs), corresponding to 7.68% (95% CI: 5.25–9.89) of total deaths for Q4 of TV, while the lowest AFs were observed in North America, with the values for Q4 of 1.74% (95% CI: −0.09 to 3.39). TV had a significant modification effect on the heat-mortality association, causing a higher heat-related mortality burden with increments of TV. Implementing targeted strategies against heat exposure and fluctuant temperatures simultaneously would benefit public health

Comparison of weather station and climate reanalysis data for modelling temperature-related mortality

Multi-Country Multi-City (MCC) Collaborative Research Network: Barrak Alahmad, Rosana Abrutzky, Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva, Patricia Matus Correa, Nicolás Valdés Orteg, Haidong Kan, Samuel Osorio, Ene Indermitte, Jouni J K Jaakkola, Niilo Ryti, Alexandra Schneider, Veronika Huber, Klea Katsouyanni, Antonis Analitis, Alireza Entezari, Fatemeh Mayvaneh, Paola Michelozzi, Francesca de'Donato, Masahiro Hashizume, Yoonhee Kim, Magali Hurtado Diaz, César De la Cruz Valencia, Ala Overcenco, Danny Houthuijs, Caroline Ameling, Shilpa Rao, Xerxes Seposo, Baltazar Nunes, Iulian-Horia Holobaca, Ho Kim, Whanhee Lee, Carmen Íñiguez, Bertil Forsberg, Christofer Åström, Martina S Ragettli, Yue-Liang Leon Guo, Bing-Yu Chen, Valentina Colistro, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Tran Ngoc Dang, Do Van DungErratum in: Author Correction: Sci Rep. 2022 May 13;12(1):7960. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11769-6. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11769-6Epidemiological analyses of health risks associated with non-optimal temperature are traditionally based on ground observations from weather stations that offer limited spatial and temporal coverage. Climate reanalysis represents an alternative option that provide complete spatio-temporal exposure coverage, and yet are to be systematically explored for their suitability in assessing temperature-related health risks at a global scale. Here we provide the first comprehensive analysis over multiple regions to assess the suitability of the most recent generation of reanalysis datasets for health impact assessments and evaluate their comparative performance against traditional station-based data. Our findings show that reanalysis temperature from the last ERA5 products generally compare well to station observations, with similar non-optimal temperature-related risk estimates. However, the analysis offers some indication of lower performance in tropical regions, with a likely underestimation of heat-related excess mortality. Reanalysis data represent a valid alternative source of exposure variables in epidemiological analyses of temperature-related risk.The study was primarily supported by Grants from the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre Seville (Research Contract ID: JRC/SVQ/2020/MVP/1654), Medical Research Council-UK (Grant ID: MR/R013349/1), Natural Environment Research Council UK (Grant ID: NE/R009384/1), European Union’s Horizon 2020 Project Exhaustion (Grant ID: 820655). The following individual Grants also supported this work: J.K and A.U were supported by the Czech Science Foundation, project 20-28560S. A.T was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Grant CEX2018-000794-S. V.H was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant agreement No 101032087.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

a three-stage modelling study

Funding Information: This study was supported by the Australian Research Council (DP210102076) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (APP2000581). YW was supported by the China Scholarship Council (number 202006010044). SL was supported by an Emerging Leader Fellowship of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (number APP2009866). QZ was supported by the Program of Qilu Young Scholars of Shandong University, Jinan, China. BW was supported by the China Scholarship Council (number 202006010043). JK and AU were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project number 20–28560S). NS was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-funded HERCULES Center (P30ES019776). S-CP and YLG were supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan; MOST 109–2621-M-002–021). YH was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF15S11412) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. MdSZSC and PHNS were supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). ST was supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (grant number 18411951600). HO and EI were supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (IUT34–17). JM was supported by a fellowship of Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnlogia (SFRH/BPD/115112/2016). AG and FS were supported by the Medical Research Council UK (grant ID MR/R013349/1), the Natural Environment Research Council UK (grant ID NE/R009384/1), and the EU's Horizon 2020 project, Exhaustion (grant ID 820655). AS, SR, and FdD were supported by the EU's Horizon 2020 project, Exhaustion (grant ID 820655). VH was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (grant ID PCIN-2017–046). AT was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (grant CEX2018-000794-S). YG was supported by the Career Development Fellowship (number APP1163693) and Leader Fellowship (number APP2008813) of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Statistics South Africa kindly provided the mortality data, but had no other role in the study. This Article is published in memory of Simona Fratianni, who helped to contribute the data for Romania. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Increased mortality risk is associated with short-term temperature variability. However, to our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the temperature variability-related mortality burden worldwide. In this study, using data from the MCC Collaborative Research Network, we first explored the association between temperature variability and mortality across 43 countries or regions. Then, to provide a more comprehensive picture of the global burden of mortality associated with temperature variability, global gridded temperature data with a resolution of 0·5° × 0·5° were used to assess the temperature variability-related mortality burden at the global, regional, and national levels. Furthermore, temporal trends in temperature variability-related mortality burden were also explored from 2000–19. Methods: In this modelling study, we applied a three-stage meta-analytical approach to assess the global temperature variability-related mortality burden at a spatial resolution of 0·5° × 0·5° from 2000–19. Temperature variability was calculated as the SD of the average of the same and previous days’ minimum and maximum temperatures. We first obtained location-specific temperature variability related-mortality associations based on a daily time series of 750 locations from the Multi-country Multi-city Collaborative Research Network. We subsequently constructed a multivariable meta-regression model with five predictors to estimate grid-specific temperature variability related-mortality associations across the globe. Finally, percentage excess in mortality and excess mortality rate were calculated to quantify the temperature variability-related mortality burden and to further explore its temporal trend over two decades. Findings: An increasing trend in temperature variability was identified at the global level from 2000 to 2019. Globally, 1 753 392 deaths (95% CI 1 159 901–2 357 718) were associated with temperature variability per year, accounting for 3·4% (2·2–4·6) of all deaths. Most of Asia, Australia, and New Zealand were observed to have a higher percentage excess in mortality than the global mean. Globally, the percentage excess in mortality increased by about 4·6% (3·7–5·3) per decade. The largest increase occurred in Australia and New Zealand (7·3%, 95% CI 4·3–10·4), followed by Europe (4·4%, 2·2–5·6) and Africa (3·3, 1·9–4·6). Interpretation: Globally, a substantial mortality burden was associated with temperature variability, showing geographical heterogeneity and a slightly increasing temporal trend. Our findings could assist in raising public awareness and improving the understanding of the health impacts of temperature variability. Funding: Australian Research Council, Australian National Health & Medical Research Council.publishersversionpublishe