On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET

The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR

Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET

A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM

Estimativas da composição física das carcaças e do corpo vazio de amostras da 15ª progênie dos rebanhos Zebu e Caracu de Sertãozinho(SP) Physical composition estimates of carcass and empty body weight on samples of the 15th progeny of Sertãozinho (SP-Brazil) Zebu and Caracu herds

Foram estimadas as composições corporais físicas em termos de porcentagens de músculo, gordura e osso na meia carcaça esquerda e no peso vazio estimado (PVz), de 44 machos inteiros, nascidos em 1995 e terminados em confinamento, dos rebanhos selecionados para peso aos 378 dias (P378), da Estação Experimental de Zootecnia de Sertãozinho (SP). A amostra, representando a média de cada rebanho em P378, foi de 9 animais Gir (Gi); Nelore (NeS); Nelore Controle (NeC); Caracu (Ca) e 8 Guzerá (GuS). O abate ocorreu aos 580 dias de idade e condição corporal 8 (escala 1-9). As estimativas foram obtidas por meio de equações estimadoras de quantidades (estimativa 1) de músculo, gordura e osso e porcentagens diretamente (estimativa 2) utilizando informações do corte entre a 9ª e 11ª costelas e outras características de abate. Os valores médios das duas estimativas para percentagens de músculo, gordura e osso na meia carcaça foram: Gi (65,9, 18,2 e 15,8); GuS (64,1, 21,3 e 14,6); NeC (63,0, 21,2 e 15,7); NeS (62,6, 21,3 e 16,0) e Ca (64,2, 17,1 e 18,6). Valores respectivos para % em PVz foram: Gi (41,5, 11,5 e 10,0); GuS (39,1, 13,0 e 8,9); NeC (40,0, 13,5 e 10,0 ); NeS (39,4, 13,4 e 10,1) e Ca (39,4, 10,5 e 11,4). A seleção para peso pós-desmame, visualizada na comparação entre os grupos Nelore, não promoveu alterações indiretas na composição corporal desses animais. As proporções de músculo nos outros grupos genéticos foram semelhantes aos Nelore. As porcentagens de gordura renal e pélvica, em relação ao PVz, também não foram diferentes entre animais dos vários rebanhos, contrariamente à proporção de gordura na carcaça e em PVz, que foi menor em animais Gi e Ca. As estimativas de composição corporal, resultantes dos dois tipos de equações, foram razoavelmente concordantes, diferindo somente para porcentagem de ossos em animais Ca.<br>The body composition, in terms of percentages of muscle, fat and bone of carcass or empty body weight (EBW), was estimated in a sample comprised of 44 bulls, born in 1995, from the selected herds for weight at 378 days (W378) at Sertãozinho Experiment Station (SP-Brazil) and finished in a feedlot until slaughter. The sample of each herd, representing it's mean for W378, was 9 for each group, Gir (Gi); Nellore (NeS); Control Nellore (NeC), Caracu (Ca) and 8 for Guzerá (GuS). The slaughter was at 580 days of age with a body condition score averaging 8 (1-9 scale). The estimates were obtained either by predicting equations of muscle, fat and bone amounts (estimates 1) or percentages (estimates 2) utilizing the information of the 9th-11th rib section and other slaughter traits. Average values for the two estimates for muscle, fat and bone carcass percentages were: Gi (65.9; 18.2 and 15.8); GuS (64.1; 21.3 and 14.6); NeC (63.0; 21.2 and 15.7); NeS (62.6; 21.3 and 16.0) and Ca (64.2; 17.1 and 18.6). Correspondent values for % of EBW were: Gi (41.5; 11.5 and 10.0); GuS (39.1; 13.0 and 8.9); NeC (40.0; 13.5 and 10.0); NeS (39.4; 13.4 and 10.1) and Ca (39.4; 10.5 and 11.4). The selection for post-weaning weights, observed by comparing the two Nellore groups, did not promote any change on body composition of these animals. The muscle proportion for the animals of the other groups were also similar. The percentages of kidney and pelvic fat, related to EBW, were also similar among genetic groups but the carcass and EBW fat percentage were lower for Gi and Ca. The body composition estimates for the two kinds of equations were in agreement except for bone percentages in the Ca group

Efeitos da seleção para peso pós-desmame sobre características de carcaça e rendimento de cortes cárneos comerciais de bovinos Effects of selection for post weaning weight on carcass traits and meat cut yields of beef cattle

Foram avaliados os efeitos da seleção para peso pós-desmame sobre características de carcaça e rendimento de cortes cárneos comerciais de 44 bovinos machos não-castrados selecionados ou não para peso aos 378 dias, nascidos em 1999, Foram utilizados animais dos grupos genéticos Nelore Seleção (NeS), Nelore Controle (NeC) e Caracu Seleção (Ca). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em duas categorias experimentais: grupo de alimentação restrita (AR) e grupo de alimentação ad libitum (AL). Em ambas as categorias, foram alocados oito animais dos grupos genéticos NeS e Ca e seis animais do grupo NeC. O período experimental foi determinado pelo tempo de acabamento dos animais, ou seja, quando atingiram, no mínimo, 4 mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea, avaliada por ultra-som, sobre o músculo Longissimus dorsi, na posição entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. Em cada grupo genético, à medida que o acabamento preconizado para cada animal da categoria AL foi atingido, o animal da categoria AR mais semelhante quanto ao peso e à condição corporal no início do experimento foi também abatido. O efeito do grupo genético foi significativo para a maioria das características estudadas, porém, não houve interação significativa entre grupos genéticos e regimes alimentares. Os animais Ca e NeS tiveram maiores pesos de abate, sendo que animais Ca necessitaram de mais tempo de confinamento para atingirem o ponto de acabamento preconizado. O maior peso de abate desses animais também influenciou outras características correlacionadas, como pesos de carcaça, traseiro, dianteiro e ponta-de-agulha. A seleção para peso aumentou os pesos de abate, de carcaça e dos cortes primários. Os animais NeS apresentaram carne menos macia, mas ainda dentro dos padrões de maciez considerados satisfatórios (força de cisalhamento abaixo de 5 kgf).<br>Data from 44 bulls of the genetic groups Selection Nellore (NeS), Control Nellore (NeC) and Caracu (Ca) herds born in 1999 were used to evaluate the effects of selection for post weaning weight on carcass traits and meat cuts yields at 378 days of age (P 378). The animals were randomly distributed into two experimental classes: restricted feeding (AR) and ad libitum feeding (AL) including 8 animals from the NeS and Ca groups and 6 animals from the NeC group. Animals of each class were slaughtered in pairs when the animals AL group reached 4 mm of ultrasonic fat thickness on Longissimus dorsi muscle, between the 12th and 13th ribs. The interaction between genetic group and feeding class was not significant for most of the traits evaluated. The genetic group effect was significant. Animals of the Ca and NeS groups were heavier at slaughter and Ca animals required longer feedlot period to reach the desired fat thickness. Higher slaughter weights of these animals changed their carcass, hindquarter, forequarter and spare ribs weights. The selection for P 378 in the Nellore group resulted in heavier weights at slaughter, heavier carcasses and primary cuts, but lower meat tenderness, although within reasonable values of shear force (below 5.0 kgf)