Using cognitive work analysis to explore activity allocation within military domains

Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) is frequently advocated as an approach for the analysis of complex sociotechnical systems. Much of the current CWA literature within the military domain pays particular attention to its initial phases; Work Domain Analysis and Contextual Task Analysis. Comparably, the analysis of the social and organisational constraints receives much less attention. Through the study of a helicopter Mission Planning System (MPS) software tool, this paper describes an approach for investigating the constraints affecting the distribution of work. The paper uses this model to evaluate the potential benefits of the social and organisational analysis phase within a military context. The analysis shows that, through its focus on constraints the approach provides a unique description of the factors influencing the social organisation within a complex domain. This approach appears to be compatible with existing approaches and serves as a validation of more established social analysis techniques

In Vitro Evaluation Of The Abrasiveness Of A Commercial Low-abrasive Dentifrice And An Experimental Dentifrice Containing Vegetable Oil

Toothpastes usually contain detergents, humectants, water colorant, fluoride and thickeners (e.g. silica). Tooth wear has a multi-factorial etilology and the use of abrasive dentifrices is related to abrasion of dental tissues during toothbrushing. This study evaluated in vitro the abrasiveness of a commercial silica gel low-abrasive dentrifice compared to an experimental dentifrice containing vegetable (almond) oil. Distilled water served as a control group. Acrylic specimens (8 per group) were submitted to simulated toothbrushing with slurries of the commercial dentifrice experimental dentifrice, almond oil and water in an automatic brushing machine programmed to 30,000 brush strokes for each specimen which is equivalent to 2 years of manual toothbrushing. Thereafter, surface roughness (Ra) of the specimens was analyzed with a Surfcorder SE 1700 profilometer. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. There was no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in the surface roughness after brushing with water almond oil experimental dentifrice. The commercial dentifrice produced rougher surfaces compared to the control and abrasive free products (p<0.05). Further studies are necessary in confirm the potential benefits of using vegetable oil in toothpaste as an alternative in abrasives in an attempt to minimize the tooth wear caused by toothbrushing.72415261530Löe, H., Kleinman, D.V., (1986) Dental Plaque Control Measures and Oral Hygiene Practices, , Oxford: IRL Press;, 332pBueno, M.A.M., Toledo, S., Sallum, E.A., Nociti Junior, F.H., Influência da escovação dental orientada na redução do sangramento gengival, em áreas próximas a restauraç-tioes metálicas. (1998) Rev ABO Nac, 6, pp. 44-47Andrade Junior, A.C.C., Andrade, M.R.T.C., Machado, W.A.S., Fischer, R.G., Abrasividade de dentifrícios: Revisão de literatura. (1997) Rev Periodontia, 6, pp. 25-30Baxter, P.M., Davis, W.B., Jackson, J., Toothpaste abrasive requirements to control naturally stained pellicle (1981) J Oral Rebabil, 8, pp. 19-26Hefferren, J.J., Schemehon, B., Storek, A., Lerck, M., Li, N., Silica as a reference for laboratory dentifrice assessment methods: Multiple collaborative study (2007) J Clin Dent, 8, pp. 12-16Stookey, G., Muhler, J., Laboratory studies concerning the enamel and dentin abrasion properties of common dentifrice polishing agents (1968) J Dent Res, 47, pp. 524-532Glantz, P.O., Larsson, L.A., Surface roughness of composite resins before and after toothbrushing (1972) Acta Odont Scand, 30, pp. 335-347Prampero, A.L., Lara, E.H.G., Tastes, R.C.A., Ogasawara, M.S., Panzeri, H., (1992) Relação das escovas com dentifrícios: Estudo da interação de escovas dentais de diferentes tipos de cerdas com preparações básicas para dentifr-acicios, 40, pp. 298-302. , RGOSlop, D., Rooij, J.F., Arends, J., Abrasion of enamel. 1. An in vitro investigation (1983) Caries Res, 17, pp. 242-248Heath, J., Wilson, J., Abrasion of restorative materials by toothpaste (1976) J Oral Rehabil, 3, pp. 121-138Patrão FGD, Sinhoreti MAC, Consani S, Correr Sobrinho L, Milan FM. Avaliação in vitro da rugosidade produzida por escovas dentais e dentifríicios em resina para base de prótese. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Passo Fundo. 19983: 7-14Correr Sobrinho, L., Francisco, M.U., Consani, S., Sinhoreti, M.A.C., Consani, R.L.X., Influência da escovação na rugosidade de superfície de materiais restauradores estéticos. (2001) PGR Pós-Grad Rev Fac Odontol São Jose dos Campos, 4, pp. 47-55Lara, E.H.G., Panzeri, H., Ogasawara, M.S., Ciampo, J.O.D., Moraes, J.T., Avaliação laboratorial dos dentifrícios cornerciais. (1996) Rev ABO Nac, 4, pp. 176-180Addy, M., Goodfield, S., Harrison, A., The use of acrylic to compare the abrasivity and stain removal proprieties of toothpastes (1991) Clin Mater, 7, pp. 219-225Addy, M., Evaluation of clinical trials of agents and procedures to prevent caries and periodontal disease: Choosing products and recommending procedures (1995) Int Dent J, 45, pp. 185-196Shaw, L., al-Dlaigan, Y.H., Smith, A., Childhood asthma and dental erosion (2000) J Dent Child, 67, pp. 102-106Al-Dlaigan, Y.H., Shaw, L., Smith, A.J., Is there a relationship between asthma and dental erosion? A case control study (2002) Int J Paediatric Dent, 12, pp. 189-200Aguiar, A.A.A., Moraes Filho, F.C., A interferência do óleo vegetal na aderência da placa bacteriana dental. (1998) Rev Cienc Odontol, 1, pp. 21-25Aguiar, A.A.A., Saliba, N.A., Toothbrushing with vegetable oil: A clinical and laboratorial analysis (2004) Braz Oral Res, 18, pp. 168-173Meneghim, M.C., Pereira, A.C., Silva, F.R.B., Prevalência da cárie radicular e condiç-tiao periodontal em uma população idosa institucionalizada de Piracicaba - SP. (2002) Pesqui Odontol Bras, 16, pp. 50-56Fransson, C., Berglundh, T., Lindhe, J., The effect of age on the development of gingivitis. Clinical, microbiological and histological findings (1996) J Clin Periodontal, 23, pp. 379-385Lima FAP, Góes MF, Consani S. Avaliação in vitro da ação abrasiva de escovas dentais. Odonto. 1998;3:23-7Santos, P.H., (2000) Avaliação da porosidade interna e da rugosidade de superfície de resinas compostas para dentes posteriores submetidas à escovação, , Master's thesis, Piracicaba-SP: Piracicaba Dental School/UNICAMP;, 180pMoore, C., Addy, M., Wear of dentin in vitro by toothpaste abrasives and detergents alone and combined (2005) J Clin Periodontol, 32, pp. 1242-1246Joiner, A., Pickles, M.J., Tanner, C., Weader, E., Doyle, P., An in situ model to study the toothpaste abrasion of enamel (2004) J Clin Periodontol, 31, pp. 434-438Figueiredo, M.C., Bello, D., Avaliação comparativa entre a eficácia de uma escova alternativa e uma escova convencional na remoção de placa dent-acaria. (1999) Rev Fac Odontol Univ Passo Fundo, 4, pp. 13-2

The oxygen isotope evolution of parent body aqueous solutions as recorded by multiple carbonate generations in the Lonewolf Nunataks 94101 CM2 carbonaceous chondrite

The CM2 carbonaceous chondrite LON 94101 contains aragonite and two generations of calcite that provide snapshots of the chemical and isotopic evolution of aqueous solutions during parent body alteration. Aragonite was the first carbonate to crystallize. It is rare, heterogeneously distributed within the meteorite matrix, and its mean oxygen isotope values are δ18O 39.9±0.6‰, Δ17O -0.3±1.0‰ (1σ). Calcite precipitated very soon afterwards, and following a fall in solution Mg/Ca ratios, to produce small equant grains with a mean oxygen isotope value of δ18O 37.5±0.7‰, Δ17O 1.4±1.1‰ (1σ). These grains were partially or completely replaced by serpentine and tochilinite prior to precipitation of the second generation of calcite, which occluded an open fracture to form a millimeter-sized vein, and replaced anhydrous silicates within chondrules and the matrix. The vein calcite has a mean composition of δ18O 18.4±0.3‰, Δ17O -0.5±0.5‰ (1σ). Petrographic and isotopic results therefore reveal two discrete episodes of mineralization that produced Ca-carbonates with contrasting δ18O, but whose Δ17O values are indistinguishable within error. The aragonite and equant calcite crystallized over a relatively brief period early in the aqueous alteration history of the parent body, and from static fluids that were evolving chemically in response to mineral dissolution and precipitation. The second calcite generation crystallized from solutions of a lower Δ17O, and a lower δ18O and/or higher temperature, which entered LON 9410 via a fracture network. As two generations of calcite whose petrographic characteristics and oxygen isotopic compositions are similar to those in LON 94101 occur in at least one other CM2, multiphase carbonate mineralization could be the typical outcome of the sequence of chemical reactions during parent body aqueous alteration. It is equally possible however that the second generation of calcite in formed in response to an event such as impact fracturing and concomitant fluid mobilisation that affected a large region of the common parent body of several CM2 meteorites. These findings show that integrated petrographic, chemical and isotopic studies can provide new insights into the mechanisms of parent body alteration including the spatial and temporal dynamics of the aqueous system

Fluid evolution in CM carbonaceous chondrites tracked through the oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates

The oxygen isotopic compositions of calcite grains in four CM carbonaceous chondrites have been determined by NanoSIMS, and results reveal that aqueous solutions evolved in a similar manner between parent body regions with different intensities of aqueous alteration. Two types of calcite were identified in Murchison, Mighei, Cold Bokkeveld and LaPaz Icefield 031166 by differences in their petrographic properties and oxygen isotope values. Type 1 calcite occurs as small equant grains that formed by filling of pore spaces in meteorite matrices during the earliest stages of alteration. On average, the type 1 grains have a δ18O of ∼32–36‰ (VSMOW), and Δ17O of between ∼2‰ and −1‰. Most grains of type 2 calcite precipitated after type 1. They contain micropores and inclusions, and have replaced ferromagnesian silicate minerals. Type 2 calcite has an average δ18O of ∼21–24‰ (VSMOW) and a Δ17O of between ∼−1‰ and −3‰. Such consistent isotopic differences between the two calcite types show that they formed in discrete episodes and from solutions whose δ18O and δ17O values had changed by reaction with parent body silicates, as predicted by the closed-system model for aqueous alteration. Temperatures are likely to have increased over the timespan of calcite precipitation, possibly owing to exothermic serpentinisation. The most highly altered CM chondrites commonly contain dolomite in addition to calcite. Dolomite grains in two previously studied CM chondrites have a narrow range in δ18O (∼25–29‰ VSMOW), with Δ17O ∼−1‰ to −3‰. These grains are likely to have precipitated between types 1 and 2 calcite, and in response to a transient heating event and/or a brief increase in fluid magnesium/calcium ratios. In spite of this evidence for localised excursions in temperature and/or solution chemistry, the carbonate oxygen isotope record shows that fluid evolution was comparable between many parent body regions. The CM carbonaceous chondrites studied here therefore sample either several parent bodies with a very similar initial composition and evolution or, more probably, a single C-type asteroid

Evaluation of hemicell® on growth performance of late nursery pigs

A total of 276 pigs (initially 21.9 lb) was used to determine the effects of added Hemicell® on growth performance. Hemicell® is a patented fermentation product of Bacillus lentus. The active ingredient in the fermentation product is β-mannanase. However, other enzymes such as amylase, xylanase, cellulases, and α-galactosidase also are present. It is claimed that Hemicell® degrades β-mannan in feed, thus, removing its effects as an antinutritive factor in swine diets. Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial, with or without 0.05% Hemicell®, in diets with 3 levels of energy density (1,388, 1,488, 1,588 ME, kcal/lb). The 100 kcal increments were achieved by the addition of wheat bran or soy oil to a corn-soybean meal based diet. The addition of Hemicell® to the diets, regardless of energy level, did not lead to an improvement in growth performance in these late nursery pigs. Increasing energy density of the diet, however, resulted in an improved ADG and F/G

Physical Model for Plaque Action in the Tooth-Plaque-Saliva System

A physical model describing the interrelationships of demineralization, remineralization, plaque thickness, glucose levels, and plaque enzymatic activity was presented. Selection of constants and variations of the parameters were kept in the range of possible in vivo situations. The results of calculations were discussed and correlated with the results of in vivo studies.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66483/2/10.1177_00220345700490013001.pd

Breakup Reactions of 11Li within a Three-Body Model

We use a three-body model to investigate breakup reactions of 11Li (n+n+9Li) on a light target. The interaction parameters are constrained by known properties of the two-body subsystems, the 11Li binding energy and fragmentation data. The remaining degrees of freedom are discussed. The projectile-target interactions are described by phenomenological optical potentials. The model predicts dependence on beam energy and target, differences between longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions and provides absolute values for all computed differential cross sections. We give an almost complete series of observables and compare with corresponding measurements. Remarkably good agreement is obtained. The relative neutron-9Li p-wave content is about 40%. A p-resonance, consistent with measurements at about 0.5 MeV of width about 0.4 MeV, seems to be necessary. The widths of the momentum distributions are insensitive to target and beam energy with a tendency to increase towards lower energies. The transverse momentum distributions are broader than the longitudinal due to the diffraction process. The absolute values of the cross sections follow the neutron-target cross sections and increase strongly for beam energies decreasing below 100 MeV/u.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, RevTeX, psfig.st

Smectic ordering in liquid crystal - aerosil dispersions I. X-ray scattering

Comprehensive x-ray scattering studies have characterized the smectic ordering of octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB) confined in the hydrogen-bonded silica gels formed by aerosil dispersions. For all densities of aerosil and all measurement temperatures, the correlations remain short range, demonstrating that the disorder imposed by the gels destroys the nematic (N) to smectic-A (SmA) transition. The smectic correlation function contains two distinct contributions. The first has a form identical to that describing the critical thermal fluctuations in pure 8CB near the N-SmA transition, and this term displays a temperature dependence at high temperatures similar to that of the pure liquid crystal. The second term, which is negligible at high temperatures but dominates at low temperatures, has a shape given by the thermal term squared and describes the static fluctuations due to random fields induced by confinement in the gel. The correlation lengths appearing in the thermal and disorder terms are the same and show strong variation with gel density at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the amplitude of the static fluctuations further suggests that nematic susceptibility become suppressed with increasing quenched disorder. The results overall are well described by a mapping of the liquid crystal-aerosil system into a three dimensional XY model in a random field with disorder strength varying linearly with the aerosil density.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure

Phase Transitions of Hard Disks in External Periodic Potentials: A Monte Carlo Study

The nature of freezing and melting transitions for a system of hard disks in a spatially periodic external potential is studied using extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Detailed finite size scaling analysis of various thermodynamic quantities like the order parameter, its cumulants etc. are used to map the phase diagram of the system for various values of the density and the amplitude of the external potential. We find clear indication of a re-entrant liquid phase over a significant region of the parameter space. Our simulations therefore show that the system of hard disks behaves in a fashion similar to charge stabilized colloids which are known to undergo an initial freezing, followed by a re-melting transition as the amplitude of the imposed, modulating field produced by crossed laser beams is steadily increased. Detailed analysis of our data shows several features consistent with a recent dislocation unbinding theory of laser induced melting.Comment: 36 pages, 16 figure

Hydromorphological, hydraulic and ecological effects of restored wood: findings and reflections from an academic partnership approach

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Pinto, C. , Ing, R. , Browning, B. , Delboni, V. , Wilson, H. , Martyn, D. and Harvey, G. L. (2019), Hydromorphological, hydraulic and ecological effects of restored wood: findings and reflections from an academic partnership approach. Water and Environment Journal. doi:10.1111/wej.12457, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12457. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions© 2019 CIWEM Large wood (re)introduction can deliver multiple benefits in river restoration, but there is a dearth of the detailed and longer-term post-project monitoring and evaluation required for improving best practice. We present findings from an academic partnership approach to post-project evaluation, based on successive MSc research projects on restored large wood in the Loddon catchment, UK. Field and modelling data reveal: (i) key differences in large wood features between restored and natural reaches; (ii) increased hydraulic retention and changes to mesohabitats associated with large wood; (iii) differences in macroinvertebrate community composition around large wood but a lack of site-level effects; (iv) interactions between macrophytes and large wood that may be specific to restored reaches; (v) a need for further field and modelling studies to inform the accurate representation of large wood in hydraulic models. Some key challenges in partnership working are identified to aid planning and effectiveness of future collaborations