When global climate models are able to differentiate between an elephant and a big mouse

Um alle 2,5 Kilometer auf der Erde den Zustand der Atmosphäre mit einem Klimamodell nachzurechnen, braucht es 83 Millionen Punkte. Nur so, und im Gegensatz zu gängigen Klimamodellen, die mit einer typischen Auflösung von rund 100 Kilometer arbeiten, lässt sich die Vielfalt der Wolken und ihre einzigartigen Formen, die manchmal an einen Elefanten, manchmal an eine große Maus erinnern, wiedergeben. Sind aber so viele Details nötig? Die Autoren präsentieren die Ergebnisse einer internationalen Vergleichsstudie, in der zum ersten Mal acht solcher neuartigen Klimamodelle gerechnet wurden.Eighty-three million points are needed to represent the atmospheric state every 2.5 km on Earth. Only such a grid spacing allows climate modelers to represent in their models the diversity of clouds, their small-scale details and their unique shapes which, at times, may remember elephants and, at other times, big mice. But are so many details that cannot be captured by current state-of-the-art climate models really necessary? In the following the authors present the results of an intercomparison exercise where, for the first time, eight of these next-generation climate models were run

Early development and tuning of a global coupled cloud resolving model, and its fast response to increasing CO2

Since the dawn of functioning numerical dynamical atmosphere- and ocean models, their resolution has steadily increased, fed by an exponential growth in computational capabilities. However, because resolution of models is at all times limited by computational power a number of mostly small-scale or micro-scale processes have to be parameterised. Particularly those of atmospheric moist convection and ocean eddies are problematic when scientists seek to interpret output from model experiments. Here we present the first coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments with sufficient resolution to dispose of moist convection and ocean eddy parameterisations. We describe the early development and discuss the challenges associated with conducting the simulations with a focus on tuning the global mean radiation balance in order to limit drifts. A four-month experiment with quadrupled CO2 is then compared with a ten-member ensemble of low-resolution simulations using MPI-ESM1.2-LR. We find broad similarities of the response, albeit with a more diversified spatial pattern with both stronger and weaker regional warming, as well as a sharpening of precipitation in the inter tropical convergence zone. These early results demonstrate that it is already now possible to learn from such coupled model experiments, even if short by nature

The climate of a retrograde rotating Earth

To enhance understanding of Earth's climate, numerical experiments are performed contrasting a retrograde and prograde rotating Earth using the Max Planck Institute Earth system model. The experiments show that the sense of rotation has relatively little impact on the globally and zonally averaged energy budgets but leads to large shifts in continental climates, patterns of precipitation, and regions of deep water formation.Changes in the zonal asymmetries of the continental climates are expected given ideas developed more than a hundred years ago. Unexpected was, however, the switch in the character of the European–African climate with that of the Americas, with a drying of the former and a greening of the latter. Also unexpected was a shift in the storm track activity from the oceans to the land in the Northern Hemisphere. The different patterns of storms and changes in the direction of the trades influence fresh water transport, which may underpin the change of the role of the North Atlantic and the Pacific in terms of deep water formation, overturning and northward oceanic heat transport. These changes greatly influence northern hemispheric climate and atmospheric heat transport by eddies in ways that appear energetically consistent with a southward shift of the zonally and annually averaged tropical rain bands. Differences between the zonally averaged energy budget and the rain band shifts leave the door open, however, for an important role for stationary eddies in determining the position of tropical rains. Changes in ocean biogeochemistry largely follow shifts in ocean circulation, but the emergence of a super oxygen minimum zone in the Indian Ocean is not expected. The upwelling of phosphate-enriched and nitrate-depleted water provokes a dominance of cyanobacteria over bulk phytoplankton over vast areas – a phenomenon not observed in the prograde model.What would the climate of Earth look like if it would rotate in the reversed (retrograde) direction? Which of the characteristic climate patterns in the ocean, atmosphere, or land that are observed in a present-day climate are the result of the direction of Earth's rotation? Is, for example, the structure of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) a consequence of the interplay of basin location and rotation direction? In experiments with the Max Planck Institute Earth system model (MPI-ESM), we investigate the effects of a retrograde rotation in all aspects of the climate system.The expected consequences of a retrograde rotation are reversals of the zonal wind and ocean circulation patterns. These changes are associated with major shifts in the temperature and precipitation patterns. For example, the temperature gradient between Europe and eastern Siberia is reversed, and the Sahara greens, while large parts of the Americas become deserts. Interestingly, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts southward and the modeled double ITCZ in the Pacific changes to a single ITCZ, a result of zonal asymmetries in the structure of the tropical circulation.One of the most prominent non-trivial effects of a retrograde rotation is a collapse of the Atlantic MOC, while a strong overturning cell emerges in the Pacific. This clearly shows that the position of the MOC is not controlled by the sizes of the basins or by mountain chains splitting the continents in unequal runoff basins but by the location of the basins relative to the dominant wind directions. As a consequence of the changes in the ocean circulation, a super oxygen minimum zone develops in the Indian Ocean leading to upwelling of phosphate-enriched and nitrate-depleted water. These conditions provoke a dominance of cyanobacteria over bulk phytoplankton over vast areas, a phenomenon not observed in the prograde model.</p

Visualization of climate science simulation data

Climate simulations belong to the most data intensive scientific disciplines and are –in relation to one of humankinds largest challenges, i.e. facing anthropogenic climate change –ever more important. Not only are the outputs generated by current models increasing in size,due to an increase in resolution and the use of ensembles, but the complexity is also rising as aresult of maturing models that are able to better describe the intricacies of our climate system.This article focuses on developments and trends in the scientific workflow for the analysis andvisualization of climate simulation data, as well as on changes in the visualization techniquesand tools that are available