EL VALOR DE LOS INTANGIBLES DE LAS FRANQUICIAS DE LA INDUSTRIA RESTAURANTERA EN MÉXICO

In the franchise systems, exchange relationships are produced for the exchange of intangible resources between franchiser and franchisee, in exchange for an entry cannon and periodical quota. In this study, the intangible resources transmitted through these payments are determined by performing a survey. The brand image determined by sales, the size of the franchise, defined by the number of offices, and their belonging to the Mexican Franchise Association, turn out to be key in this exchange.En los sistemas de franquicias se producen unas relaciones de intercambio de recursos intangibles entre franquiciante y franquiciado, a cambio de un canon de entrada y unas cuotas periódicas. En el presente artículo se determinan los recursos intangibles transmitidos mediante estos pagos, a través de una encuesta. La imagen de marca determinada por las ventas, el tamaño de la franquicia, definido por el número de sucursales, y la pertenencia a la Asociación Mexicana de Franquicias, resultan clave en este intercambio

Análisis de costes de viviendas según su sostenibilidad ambiental

El sector de la construcción tiene una gran importancia en el desarrollo sostenible. La adaptación en España de recientes directivas de la Unión Europea en materia energética, permite definir la calificación de los edificios, en función de su eficiencia energética (EE). Como consecuencia se genera una escala que permite valorar el comportamiento de los edificios en función de su EE. En España el R.D. 47/2007, de 19 de enero, aprueba el procedimiento básico para la certificación de EE de edificios de nueva construcción. De acuerdo a este procedimiento, una mejor calificación energética está relacionada con una cantidad menor de emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera por el uso del edificio. Desde la entrada en vigor del R.D. 47/2007, se han desarrollado, diversas herramientas informáticas, como Calener, que asigna una etiqueta que define la calificación energética de los edificios. Por lo tanto, para poder obtener mejores edificios desde el punto de vista de su EE, se debe conseguir que estos produzcan las menores emisiones posibles de CO2 a la atmósfera. La pregunta que se plantea en este punto es si las medidas que conllevan unas menores emisiones de CO2, se pueden conseguir a un coste económico que sea asumible por los usuarios. En principio parece lógico pensar que viviendas más eficientes exijan mayores costes de construcción, aunque no está tan claro si esta mayor inversión, será compensada por unos menores costes de uso del edificio. Aquí se presenta parte del trabajo realizado en la Tesis Doctoral realizada y dirigida por las autoras de la presente ponencia, en la que se analizaron los costes que caracterizaban a edificios con diferente calificación energética. Para ello se estudió una promoción de viviendas adosadas real, en la que se combinaron distintas calificaciones energéticas y diferentes zonas climáticas españolas. Las distintas configuraciones se consiguieron modificando algunas medidas que tienen influencia en la EE del edificio, como soluciones constructivas de la envolvente térmica o instalaciones de climatización y agua caliente sanitaria (ACS). Para cada una de las configuraciones obtenidas (calificación-zona) se realizó un análisis de costes debidos a la construcción y al uso del edificio durante su vida útil. Éstos incluían costes privados, diferenciándose los de construcción, mantenimiento y consumo energético. Este estudio demostraba que, en ese caso y con las hipótesis de partida manejadas, mejores calificaciones incurrían en mayores costes privados. Por ese motivo, se amplió el análisis, incluyendo costes públicos o sociales generados como consecuencia de la emisión de CO2. Algunos países europeos ya aplican una tasa de carbono para compensar las emisiones de CO2, y con este análisis se obtuvo un orden de magnitud que podría tener esa tasa en España, de acuerdo a las condiciones de partida del estudio.

Valoración del cambio tecnológico. Renta visible o invisible en las sociedades de regantes a los efectos de la valoración según la nueva ley del suelo (ls 2/2008) en España

In this study, a new valuation model is proposed for undergroundwater extraction for irrigation, within the framework of thenew Land Law (Ley del Suelo) in Spain. For this purpose, amethod for rent capitalization, real or potential, is appliedunder different possible scenarios in irrigator communitiesin the province of Valencia, depending on the procedure forprice fixing of water sold to members and the adoption of newlocalized irrigation technologies. In practice, water prices areequivalent to unit costs, which is why the actual rent of theexploitation is made invisible, and to make it visible, a waterprice must be considered. Consideration of the potential rentversus the real rent does not influence the value of societies thatuse new irrigation technologies, contrary to what happens inexploitations with traditional irrigation systems, which elevatetheir value.En el presente trabajo se formula un modelo de valoración delas explotaciones de agua subterránea para riego, en el marco dela nueva Ley del Suelo en España. Para ello se aplica el métodode capitalización de la renta, real o potencial, bajo distintos escenariosposibles de las comunidades de regantes de la provinciade Valencia, según sea el procedimiento de fijación del preciode venta del agua a los socios y la adopción de las nuevas tecnologíasde riego localizado. En la práctica, los precios del aguase hacen equivalentes a los costos unitarios, por lo que la rentareal de la explotación se hace invisible, y para hacerla visiblese debe considerar un precio del agua. La consideración de larenta potencial frente a la renta real no influye en el valor de lassociedades que utilizan nuevas tecnologías de riego, al contrariode lo que ocurre en las explotaciones con sistemas de riego tradicionales,que hace elevar su valor

Modeling Spanish anxiolytic consumption: Economic, demographic and behavioral influences

Anxiolytics (AX) are the psychotropic drugs prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia for 2–4 weeks, for longer periods of consumption (>1 month) may lead to the development of tolerance or addiction. In fact, its prescription was 16% of the total pharmaceutical expenditure in Spain in 2007. This paper deals with the development of a mathematical model describing the dynamic of the addiction to AX for the case study of the Spanish region of Castellón. The reasons believed to cause the development of addicts to AX are the economic situation, the marriage termination and the social contact. The simulations performed to forecast the addicts rate for the period 2010–2014 showed an increase from 6% in 2010 to 14% in 2014 with a fluctuation of about 2% between the possible economic scenarios. Finally, the analysis of sensitivity of the rate of addicts to the fluctuation of the social contact parameters was performed, letting us estimate its impact on the pharmaceutical expenditure.De La Poza, E.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN.; Jódar Sánchez, LA.; Merello Giménez, P. (2013). Modeling Spanish anxiolytic consumption: Economic, demographic and behavioral influences. Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 57(7):1619-1624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.10.020S1619162457

Application of Compromise Programming to a semi-detached housing development in order to balance economic and environmental criteria

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Journal of the Operational Research Society. The definitive publisher-authenticated version: Ruá Aguilar, MJ.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN. (2012). Application of Compromise Programming to a semi-detached housing development in order to balance economic and environmental criteria. Journal of the Operational Research Society. 64(3):459-468, is available online at: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v64/n3/full/jors201276a.html.European Energy Performance of Buildings Directives DE promote energy efficiency in buildings. Under these Directives, the European Union States must apply minimum requirements regarding the energy performance of buildings and ensure the certification of their energy performance. The Directives set only the basic principles and requirements, leaving a significant amount of room for the Member States to establish their specific mechanisms, numeric requirements and ways to implement them, taking into account local conditions. With respect to the Spanish case, the search for buildings that are more energy efficient results in a conflict between users¿ economic objectives and society's environmental objectives. In this paper, Compromise Programming is applied to help in the decision-making process. An appropriate distribution of types of dwellings, according to their energy performance and to the climatic zone considered in Spain, will be suggested. Results provide a compromise solution between both objectives.Ruá Aguilar, MJ.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN. (2012). Application of Compromise Programming to a semi-detached housing development in order to balance economic and environmental criteria. Journal of the Operational Research Society. 64(3):459-468. doi:10.1057/jors.2012.76S459468643Andaloro, A. P. F., Salomone, R., Ioppolo, G., & Andaloro, L. (2010). Energy certification of buildings: A comparative analysis of progress towards implementation in European countries. Energy Policy, 38(10), 5840-5866. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.039André, F. J., Cardenete, M. A., & Romero, C. (2008). Using compromise programming for macroeconomic policy making in a general equilibrium framework: theory and application to the Spanish economy. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 59(7), 875-883. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602415Baja, S., Chapman, D. M., & Dragovich, D. (2006). Spatial based compromise programming for multiple criteria decision making in land use planning. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 12(3), 171-184. doi:10.1007/s10666-006-9059-1Ballestero, E., & Romero, C. (1991). A theorem connecting utility function optimization and compromise programming. Operations Research Letters, 10(7), 421-427. doi:10.1016/0167-6377(91)90045-qBallestero, E., & Romero, C. (1993). Weighting in compromise programming: A theorem on shadow prices. Operations Research Letters, 13(5), 325-329. doi:10.1016/0167-6377(93)90055-lDavies, H., & Wyatt, D. (2004). Appropriate use of the ISO 15686-1 factor method for durability and service life prediction. Building Research & Information, 32(6), 552-553. doi:10.1080/0961321042000291938Diakaki, C., Grigoroudis, E., Kabelis, N., Kolokotsa, D., Kalaitzakis, K., & Stavrakakis, G. (2010). A multi-objective decision model for the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings. Energy, 35(12), 5483-5496. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.05.012Dı́az-Balteiro, L., & Romero, C. (2003). Forest management optimisation models when carbon captured is considered: a goal programming approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 174(1-3), 447-457. doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00075-0Diaz-Balteiro, L., & Rodriguez, L. C. E. (2006). Optimal rotations on Eucalyptus plantations including carbon sequestration—A comparison of results in Brazil and Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 229(1-3), 247-258. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.005Fattahi, P., & Fayyaz, S. (2009). A Compromise Programming Model to Integrated Urban Water Management. Water Resources Management, 24(6), 1211-1227. doi:10.1007/s11269-009-9492-4Hamdy, M., Hasan, A., & Siren, K. (2011). Applying a multi-objective optimization approach for Design of low-emission cost-effective dwellings. Building and Environment, 46(1), 109-123. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.07.006Johnstone, I. M. (2001). Energy and mass flows of housing: a model and example. Building and Environment, 36(1), 27-41. doi:10.1016/s0360-1323(99)00065-7Johnstone, I. M. (2001). Energy and mass flows of housing: estimating mortality. Building and Environment, 36(1), 43-51. doi:10.1016/s0360-1323(99)00066-9Linares, P., & Romero, C. (2000). A multiple criteria decision making approach for electricity planning in Spain: economic versus environmental objectives. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 51(6), 736-743. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600944Rey, F. J., Velasco, E., & Varela, F. (2007). Building Energy Analysis (BEA): A methodology to assess building energy labelling. Energy and Buildings, 39(6), 709-716. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.07.009Rudbeck, C. (2002). Service life of building envelope components: making it operational in economical assessment. Construction and Building Materials, 16(2), 83-89. doi:10.1016/s0950-0618(02)00003-xSan-José, J. T., Losada, R., Cuadrado, J., & Garrucho, I. (2007). Approach to the quantification of the sustainable value in industrial buildings. Building and Environment, 42(11), 3916-3923. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.11.013Yu, P. L. (1973). A Class of Solutions for Group Decision Problems. Management Science, 19(8), 936-946. doi:10.1287/mnsc.19.8.936Zelany, M. (1974). A concept of compromise solutions and the method of the displaced ideal. Computers & Operations Research, 1(3-4), 479-496. doi:10.1016/0305-0548(74)90064-

Measurement of health-related quality by multimorbidity groups in primary health care

[EN] Background: Increased life expectancy in Western societies does not necessarily mean better quality of life. To improve resources management, management systems have been set up in health systems to stratify patients according to morbidity, such as Clinical Risk Groups (CRG). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of multimorbidity on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in primary care. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study, based on a representative random sample (n = 306) of adults from a health district (N = 32,667) in east Spain (Valencian Community), was conducted in 2013. Multimorbidity was measured by stratifying the population with the CRG system into nine mean health statuses (MHS). HRQL was assessed by EQ-5D dimensions and the EQ Visual Analogue Scale (EQ VAS). The effect of the CRG system, age and gender on the utility value and VAS was analysed by multiple linear regression. A predictive analysis was run by binary logistic regression with all the sample groups classified according to the CRG system into the five HRQL dimensions by taking the ¿healthy¿ group as a reference. Multivariate logistic regression studied the joint influence of the nine CRG system MHS, age and gender on the five EQ-5D dimensions. Results: Of the 306 subjects, 165 were female (mean age of 53). The most affected dimension was pain/discomfort (53%), followed by anxiety/depression (42%). The EQ-5D utility value and EQ VAS progressively lowered for the MHS with higher morbidity, except for MHS 6, more affected in the five dimensions, save self-care, which exceeded MHS 7 patients who were older, and MHS 8 and 9 patients, whose condition was more serious. The CRG system alone was the variable that best explained health problems in HRQL with 17%, which rose to 21% when associated with female gender. Age explained only 4%. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that the multimorbidity groups obtained by the CRG classification system can be used as an overall indicator of HRQL. These utility values can be employed for health policy decisions based on cost-effectiveness to estimate incremental quality-adjusted life years (QALY) with routinely e-health data. Patients under 65 years with multimorbidity perceived worse HRQL than older patients or disease severity. Knowledge of multimorbidity with a stronger impact can help primary healthcare doctors to pay attention to these population groups.The authors would like to thank the Conselleria de Sanitat Universal i Sanitat Pública of the Generalitat Valenciana (the Regional Valencian Health Government) for providing the study data. We would also like to thank Helen Warbuton for editing the English.Milá-Perseguer, M.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN.; Vivas-Consuelo, D.; Usó-Talamantes, R. (2019). 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Multimorbidity care model: recommendations from the consensus meeting of the joint action on chronic diseases and promoting healthy ageing across the life cycle (JA-CHRODIS). Health Policy. 2018;122(1):4–11.WHO: Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions. Building blocks for action. In.: WHO; 2014.Fortin M, Bravo G, Hudon C, Vanasse A, Lapointe L. Prevalence of multimorbidity among adults seen in family practice. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(3):223–8.Inoriza JM, Coderch J, Carreras M, Vall-Llosera L, Garcia-Goni M, Lisbona JM, Ibern P. Measurement of morbidity attended in an integrated health care organization. Gac Sanit. 2009;23(1):29–37.Hunger M, Thorand B, Schunk M, Döring A, Menn P, Peters A, Holle R. Multimorbidity and health-related quality of life in the older population: results from the German KORA-age study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011;9:53.de Miguel P, Caballero I, Rivas FJ, Manera J, de Vicente MA, Gómez Á. Morbidity observed in a health area: impact on professionals and funding. Aten Primaria. 2015;47(5):301–7.Agborsangaya CB, Lau D, Lahtinen M, Cooke T, Johnson JA. Multimorbidity prevalence and patterns across socioeconomic determinants: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:201.Orueta JF, García-Álvarez A, García-Goñi M, Paolucci F, Nuño-Solinís R. Prevalence and costs of multimorbidity by deprivation levels in the Basque Country: a population based study using health administrative databases. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e89787.Mujica-Mota RE, Roberts M, Abel G, Elliott M, Lyratzopoulos G, Roland M, Campbell J. Common patterns of morbidity and multi-morbidity and their impact on health-related quality of life: evidence from a national survey. Qual Life Res. 2015;24(4):909–18.Caballer Tarazona V, Guadalajara Olmeda N, Vivas Consuelo D, Clemente Collado A. Impact of morbidity on health care costs of a Department of Health through clinical risk groups. Valencian Community, Spain. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2016;90:e1–e15.Calderon-Larranaga A, Abrams C, Poblador-Plou B, Weiner JP, Prados-Torres A. Applying diagnosis and pharmacy-based risk models to predict pharmacy use in Aragon, Spain: the impact of a local calibration. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:22.Hughes JS, Averill RF, Eisenhandler J, Goldfield NI, Muldoon J, Neff JM, Gay JC. Clinical risk groups (CRGs): a classification system for risk-adjusted capitation-based payment and health care management. Med Care. 2004;42(1):81–90.Vivas-Consuelo D, Uso-Talamantes R, Trillo-Mata JL, Caballer-Tarazona M, Barrachina-Martinez I, Buigues-Pastor L. Predictability of pharmaceutical spending in primary health services using clinical risk groups. Health Policy. 2014;116(2–3):188–95.Milla Perseguer M, Guadalajara Olmeda N, Vivas Consuelo D. Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on the consumption of resources in primary care according to clinical risk groups. Aten Primaria. 2018.WHOQOL. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): development and general psychometric properties. Soc Sci Med. 1998;46(12):1569–85.Badia X, Carne X. The evaluation of quality of life in clinical trials. Medicina Clinica. 1998;110(14):550–6.Revicki DA. Health-related quality of life in the evaluation of medical therapy for chronic illness. J Fam Pract. 1989;29(4):377–80.Agborsangaya CB, Lau D, Lahtinen M, Cooke T, Johnson JA. Health-related quality of life and healthcare utilization in multimorbidity: results of a cross-sectional survey. Qual Life Res. 2013;22(4):791–9.Romero M, Vivas-Consuelo D, Alvis-Guzman N. Is health related quality of life (HRQoL) a valid indicator for health systems evaluation? Springerplus. 2013;2:664.Hanmer J, Feeny D, Fischhoff B, Hays RD, Hess R, Pilkonis PA, Revicki DA, Roberts MS, Tsevat J, Yu L. The PROMIS of QALYs. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13.Herdman M, Badia X, Berra S. 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Pharmaceutical Cost Management in an Ambulatory Setting Using a Risk Adjustment Tool

© 2014 Vivas-Consuelo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.Background Pharmaceutical expenditure is undergoing very high growth, and accounts for 30% of overall healthcare expenditure in Spain. In this paper we present a prediction model for primary health care pharmaceutical expenditure based on Clinical Risk Groups (CRG), a system that classifies individuals into mutually exclusive categories and assigns each person to a severity level if s/he has a chronic health condition. This model may be used to draw up budgets and control health spending. Methods Descriptive study, cross-sectional. The study used a database of 4,700,000 population, with the following information: age, gender, assigned CRG group, chronic conditions and pharmaceutical expenditure. The predictive model for pharmaceutical expenditure was developed using CRG with 9 core groups and estimated by means of ordinary least squares (OLS). The weights obtained in the regression model were used to establish a case mix system to assign a prospective budget to health districts. Results The risk adjustment tool proved to have an acceptable level of prediction (R2 0.55) to explain pharmaceutical expenditure. Significant differences were observed between the predictive budget using the model developed and real spending in some health districts. For evaluation of pharmaceutical spending of pediatricians, other models have to be established. Conclusion The model is a valid tool to implement rational measures of cost containment in pharmaceutical expenditure, though it requires specific weights to adjust and forecast budgets.This study was financed by a grant from the Fondo de Investigaciones de la Seguridad Social Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS PI12/0037). The authors would like to thank members (Juan Bru and Inma Saurf) of the Pharmacoeconomics Office of the Valencian Health Department. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessary reflect those of the afore-named. Any errors are the authors' responsibility. We would also like to thank John Wright for the English editing.Vivas Consuelo, DJJ.; Usó Talamantes, R.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN.; Trillo Mata, JL.; Sancho Mestre, C.; Buigues Pastor, L. (2014). Pharmaceutical Cost Management in an Ambulatory Setting Using a Risk Adjustment Tool. 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Modelos empíricos de amortización de tractores agrícolas en España

This work analyses the market value of second hand agricultural tractors in Spain for the period 1999-2002, with the aims of obtaining the most appropriate valuation models (through the use of ordinary least squares regression) and proposing an empirical model that estimates the true depreciation of these vehicles. Differences in tractor depreciation were studied in terms of the three horsepower groups normally employed (90 hp), as well as in terms of a new power classification (133 hp) that appears to better reflect the influence of horsepower on the change in market value. The results show tractor depreciation to be exponential, with larger, more powerful tractors depreciating more quickly than smaller machines.En el presente trabajo se analiza el valor de mercado de los tractores agrícolas de segunda mano en España, durante el periodo 1999-2002, con el fin de obtener, por métodos de regresión mínimos cuadrados, los modelos de valoración más apropiados y proponer un método empírico de amortización que estime la depreciación real. Asimismo, se estudian diferencias de comportamiento de los tractores según los tres grupos de potencia utilizados normalmente en el mercado (90 CV) y se propone una nueva clasificación de potencias (133 CV) que refleja mejor los cambios del valor. Se demuestra que la depreciación es de tipo exponencial y mayor en los tractores de mayor tamaño o potencia que en los pequeños