Behavioral types in programming languages

A recent trend in programming language research is to use behav- ioral type theory to ensure various correctness properties of large- scale, communication-intensive systems. Behavioral types encompass concepts such as interfaces, communication protocols, contracts, and choreography. The successful application of behavioral types requires a solid understanding of several practical aspects, from their represen- tation in a concrete programming language, to their integration with other programming constructs such as methods and functions, to de- sign and monitoring methodologies that take behaviors into account. This survey provides an overview of the state of the art of these aspects, which we summarize as the pragmatics of behavioral types

Hourly resolved cloud modification factors in the ultraviolet

Cloud impacts on the transfer of ultraviolet (UV) radiation through the atmosphere can be assessed by using a cloud modification factor (CMF). CMF, which is based on total global solar irradiation (SOL<sub>CMF</sub>), has proved to be a solid basis to derive CMFs for the UV radiation (UV<sub>CMF</sub>). This is an advantage, because total global irradiance, the basis for SOL<sub>CMF</sub>, is frequently measured and forecasted by numerical weather prediction systems and includes all relevant effects for radiation transmission, such as cloud optical depth, different cloud layers, multiple reflection, as well as the distinct difference as to whether the solar disc is obscured by clouds or not. In the UV range clouds decrease the irradiance to a lesser extent than in the visible and infrared spectral range. Thus the relationship between CMFs for solar radiation and for UV-radiation is not straight forward, but will depend on whether, for example, the solar zenith angle (SZA) and wavelength band or action spectrum in the UV have been taken into consideration. Den Outer et al. provide a UV<sub>CMF</sub> algorithm on a daily basis, which accounts for these influences. It requires as input a daily SOL<sub>CMF</sub> and the SZA at noon. The calculation of SOL<sub>CMF</sub> uses the clear-sky algorithm of the European Solar Radiation Atlas to account for varying turbidity impacts. The algorithm's capability to derive hourly UV<sub>CMFs</sub> based on the SZA at the corresponding hour and its worldwide applicability is validated for erythemal UV using observational data retrieved from the databases of the COST-Action 726 on "Long-term changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe" and the USDA UV-B Monitoring Program. The clear-sky part of the models has proved to be of good quality. Accumulated to daily doses it forms a tight cluster of points to the highest measured daily sums. All sky model performances for hourly resolution are shown to be comparable in accuracy with the well performing daily models of the COST-726 model intercomparison

Langtidsovervåking av miljøkvaliteten i kystområdene av Norge. Årsrapport 1996

Kystovervåkingsprogrammet skal gi en oversikt over miljøtilstanden m.h.t. næringssalter og effektene av disse på alge- og dyresamfunn fra svenskegrensen til Fedje. Utvikling over tid overvåkes innen fagdisiplinene hydrografi, hydrokjemi, planteplankton, bløtbunnsfauna og hardbunnsflora og -fauna. Året 1996 ble innledet med en kald vinter og vår. Vanntemperaturen i Skagerrak ned til ca. 25 m var i januar - februar kaldere enn gjennomsnittet for 1980-1990, mens samme periode i 1995 var uvanlig varm. Til forskjell fra 1995 var det ingen flom på kontinentet eller på Østlandet i 1996, og det resulterte i små tilførsler av næringssalter fra land. Sammenlignet med langtidsobservasjoner fra Arendalstasjonene (1980-90) var 1996 et år med lavere næringssaltkonsentrasjoner i de øvre vannmasser vinter og vår og for de løste næringssaltene også tildels sommeren og høsten. C/N-forholdet i stortare fra Sørlandskysten var meget høyt og kan indikere næringsbegrenset algevekst på Sørlandskysten sommeren 1996. Utbredelse og forekomst av fastsittende alger var generelt sett noe redusert i 1996 i forhold til 1995 og mer lik hva som ble funnet i 1993/94. Variasjonene kan sees i sammenheng med vinter/vår temperaturene. Fortsatt tilvekst av tareskog i Skagerrak gjør stasjonene mer homogene. Forekomst av organismer på bløt- og hardbunn viste en normal øst-vest gradient, med økende artsantall og diversitet mot vest. Bløtbunnsfaunaen viste ingen større endringer fra 1995 til 1996. For enkelte stasjoner ble det funnet en nedgang i individtall, mens det ble funnet en økning for andre stasjoner, uten at det er noen klar årsakssammenheng eller tendens i variasjonene

YKL-40, a Marker of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction, Is Elevated in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Increases With Levels of Albuminuria

OBJECTIVE—The inflammation marker YKL-40 is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes and is associated with atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular mortality. In the present study, YKL-40 levels were examined in patients with type 1 diabetes with increasing levels of albuminuria, known to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Managing COVID-19 within and across health systems:why we need performance intelligence to coordinate a global response

Background The COVID-19 pandemic is a complex global public health crisis presenting clinical, organisational and system-wide challenges. Different research perspectives on health are needed in order to manage and monitor this crisis. Performance intelligence is an approach that emphasises the need for different research perspectives in supporting health systems’ decision-makers to determine policies based on well-informed choices. In this paper, we present the viewpoint of the Innovative Training Network for Healthcare Performance Intelligence Professionals (HealthPros) on how performance intelligence can be used during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Discussion A lack of standardised information, paired with limited discussion and alignment between countries contribute to uncertainty in decision-making in all countries. Consequently, a plethora of different non-data-driven and uncoordinated approaches to address the outbreak are noted worldwide. Comparative health system research is needed to help countries shape their response models in social care, public health, primary care, hospital care and long-term care through the different phases of the pandemic. There is a need in each phase to compare context-specific bundles of measures where the impact on health outcomes can be modelled using targeted data and advanced statistical methods. Performance intelligence can be pursued to compare data, construct indicators and identify optimal strategies. Embracing a system perspective will allow countries to take coordinated strategic decisions while mitigating the risk of system collapse.A framework for the development and implementation of performance intelligence has been outlined by the HealthPros Network and is of pertinence. Health systems need better and more timely data to govern through a pandemic-induced transition period where tensions between care needs, demand and capacity are exceptionally high worldwide. Health systems are challenged to ensure essential levels of healthcare towards all patients, including those who need routine assistance. Conclusion Performance intelligence plays an essential role as part of a broader public health strategy in guiding the decisions of health system actors on the implementation of contextualised measures to tackle COVID-19 or any future epidemic as well as their effect on the health system at large. This should be based on commonly agreed-upon standardised data and fit-for-purpose indicators, making optimal use of existing health information infrastructures. The HealthPros Network can make a meaningful contribution

The histone H2B monoubiquitination regulatory pathway is required for differentiation of multipotent stem cells.

Extensive changes in posttranslational histone modifications accompany the rewiring of the transcriptional program during stem cell differentiation. However, the mechanisms controlling the changes in specific chromatin modifications and their function during differentiation remain only poorly understood. We show that histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) significantly increases during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and various lineage-committed precursor cells and in diverse organisms. Furthermore, the H2B ubiquitin ligase RNF40 is required for the induction of differentiation markers and transcriptional reprogramming of hMSCs. This function is dependent upon CDK9 and the WAC adaptor protein, which are required for H2B monoubiquitination. Finally, we show that RNF40 is required for the resolution of the H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent poised state on lineage-specific genes during the transition from an inactive to an active chromatin conformation. Thus, these data indicate that H2Bub1 is required for maintaining multipotency of hMSCs and plays a central role in controlling stem cell differentiation

Dietary amino acids impact sperm performance traits for a catadromous fish, Anguilla anguilla reared in captivity

Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibited.[EN] Little is known about the role of dietary amino acids on male reproductive performance and gamete quality in fishes. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate how "enhanced" feeds (EH-4, EH-5, EH-6), with modified amino acid composition, and the standard on-growing diet (DAN-EX) impact body composition, milt biochemistry, and sperm performance in male European eel, Anguilla anguilla. The fatty acid composition of EH4, EH-5, and EH-6 was similar but differed to that in DAN-EX, while amino acid composition varied between all four diets. Diet did not influence organ-somatic indices (e.g. HSI, GSI), while males fed EH-4 were heavier than other groups. Arginine, alanine, and lysine were the most abundant amino acids in milt (>11%), followed by glycine, aspartic acid, valine, glutamic acid, and leucine ( >5.66%). Diet impacted milt arginine, serine, proline, methionine, and histidine levels. Specifically, males fed DAN-EX, EH-4, and EH-5 had the highest percentages of arginine, while males fed EH-4 to EH-6 had higher percentages of serine. Proline was most abundant in males fed DAN-EX, EH-5, and EH-6. Both methionine and histidine were detected at low percentages ( 0.5 mL) for fertilization procedures. Spermatocrit (43.1 +/- 1.80%) did not differ between the diets (ranged from 37.57 to 47.21%). Dietary regime had an impact on sperm motility, such that eels fed EH-5 and EH-6 had the greatest percentage of motile cells. In addition, fish fed EH-5 and EH-6 (or DAN-EX) had the fastest swimming sperm. Spermatogenic maturity index of hormonally treated eels varied within groups but did not differ between dietary treatment groups after 9 weeks of injections (ranged from 0.54 to 0.80). The most interesting amino acids to scrutinize from PCA plots were proline, histidine, and valine as well as lysine and arginine. Here, eels with highly motile sperm had milt with high relative proportions of proline, histidine, and valine, but were particularly low in lysine and arginine. Together, our findings add evidence that certain amino acids regulate milt biochemistry, and that male ejaculate traits may be promoted by amino acid intake. Further studies to evaluate effects of supplemented amino acid diets on fertilization ability and inter-linked early developmental stages are required.This study was funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark under grant agreements no. 5184-00093B (EEL-HATCH) and 7076-00125B (ITSEEL). Butts IAE, was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project 1013854. Gallego V has a post-doc grant from the MICIU (Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion; IJCI-201734200).Butts, IAE.; Hilmarsdóttir, GS.; Zadmajid, V.; Gallego Albiach, V.; Stottrup, JG.; Jacobsen, C.; Krüger-Johnsen, M.... (2020). Dietary amino acids impact sperm performance traits for a catadromous fish, Anguilla anguilla reared in captivity. Aquaculture. 518:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734602112518Abd-Elrazek, A. M., & Ahmed-Farid, O. A. H. (2017). Protective effect of L-carnitine and L-arginine against busulfan-induced oligospermia in adult rat. Andrologia, 50(1), e12806. doi:10.1111/and.12806Akiyama, T., Shiraishi, M., Yamamoto, T., & Unuma, T. (1996). Effect of Dietary Tryptophan on Maturation of Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Fisheries science, 62(5), 776-782. doi:10.2331/fishsci.62.776Alavi, S. M. H., Pšenička, M., Policar, T., Rodina, M., Hamáčková, J., Kozák, P., & Linhart, O. (2009). Sperm quality in male Barbus barbus L. fed different diets during the spawning season. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 35(4), 683-693. doi:10.1007/s10695-009-9325-7Asturiano, J. F., Sorbera, L. A., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S., Ramos, J., Navarro, J. C., & Bromage, N. (2001). Reproductive performance in male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) fed two PUFA-enriched experimental diets: a comparison with males fed a wet diet. Aquaculture, 194(1-2), 173-190. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00515-9Asturiano, J. F., Perez, L., Garzon, D. L., Penaranda, D. S., Marco-Jimenez, F., Martinez-Llorens, S., … Jover, M. (2005). Effect of different methods for the induction of spermiation on semen quality in European eel. Aquaculture Research, 36(15), 1480-1487. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01366.xBaeza, R., Mazzeo, I., Vílchez, M. C., Gallego, V., Peñaranda, D. S., Pérez, L., & Asturiano, J. F. (2014). Effect of thermal regime on fatty acid dynamics in male European eels (Anguilla anguilla) during hormonally-induced spermatogenesis. Aquaculture, 430, 86-97. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.045Baeza, R., Mazzeo, I., Vílchez, M. C., Gallego, V., Peñaranda, D. S., Pérez, L., & Asturiano, J. F. (2015). Relationship between sperm quality parameters and the fatty acid composition of the muscle, liver and testis of European eel. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 181, 79-86. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.11.022Baeza, R., Peñaranda, D. S., Vílchez, M. C., Tveiten, H., Pérez, L., & Asturiano, J. F. (2015). Exploring correlations between sex steroids and fatty acids and their potential roles in the induced maturation of the male European eel. Aquaculture, 435, 328-335. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.016Bahadorani, M., Tavalaee, M., Abedpoor, N., Ghaedi, K., Nazem, M. N., & Nasr-Esfahani, M. H. (2018). Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation and/or aerobic exercise on mouse sperm quality and testosterone production. Andrologia, 51(2), e13183. doi:10.1111/and.13183Beirão, J., Soares, F., Pousão-Ferreira, P., Diogo, P., Dias, J., Dinis, M. T., … Cabrita, E. (2015). The effect of enriched diets on Solea senegalensis sperm quality. Aquaculture, 435, 187-194. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.025Benini, E., Politis, S. N., Kottmann, J. S., Butts, I. A. E., Sørensen, S. R., & Tomkiewicz, J. (2018). Effect of parental origin on early life history traits of European eel. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 53(5), 1149-1158. doi:10.1111/rda.13219Barman, A. S., Kumar, P., Mariahabib, Lal, K. K., & Lal, B. (2013). Role of nitric oxide in motility and fertilizing ability of sperm of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.). Animal Reproduction Science, 137(1-2), 119-127. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.12.001Bromage, N., Jones, J., Randall, C., Thrush, M., Davies, B., Springate, J., … Barker, G. (1992). Broodstock management, fecundity, egg quality and the timing of egg production in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 100(1-3), 141-166. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(92)90355-oBuentello, J. A., & Gatlin, D. M. (2001). Effects of Elevated Dietary Arginine on Resistance of Channel Catfish to Exposure toEdwardsiella ictaluri. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 13(3), 194-201. doi:10.1577/1548-8667(2001)0132.0.co;2Butts, I. A. E., Baeza, R., Støttrup, J. G., Krüger-Johnsen, M., Jacobsen, C., Pérez, L., … Tomkiewicz, J. (2015). Impact of dietary fatty acids on muscle composition, liver lipids, milt composition and sperm performance in European eel. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 183, 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.015Cabrita, E., Ma, S., Diogo, P., Martínez-Páramo, S., Sarasquete, C., & Dinis, M. T. (2011). The influence of certain aminoacids and vitamins on post-thaw fish sperm motility, viability and DNA fragmentation. Animal Reproduction Science, 125(1-4), 189-195. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.03.003Cabrita, E., Martínez-Páramo, S., Gavaia, P. J., Riesco, M. F., Valcarce, D. G., Sarasquete, C., … Robles, V. (2014). Factors enhancing fish sperm quality and emerging tools for sperm analysis. Aquaculture, 432, 389-401. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.034Ciereszko, A., Piros, B., Dabrowski, K., Kucharczyk, D., Luczynski, M. J., Dobosz, S., & Glogowski, J. (1998). Serine proteinase inhibitors of seminal plasma of teleost fish: distribution of activity, electrophoretic profiles and relation to proteinase inhibitors of blood. Journal of Fish Biology, 53(6), 1292-1305. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00249.xDabrowski, K., Luczynski, M., & Rusiecki, M. (1985). Free amino acids in the late embryogenesis and pre-hatching stage of two coregonid fishes. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 13(3), 349-356. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(85)90048-1Da Silva, F. F. G., Støttrup, J. G., Kjørsvik, E., Tveiten, H., & Tomkiewicz, J. (2016). Interactive effects of dietary composition and hormonal treatment on reproductive development of cultured female European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Animal Reproduction Science, 171, 17-26. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.05.007F.G. da Silva, F., Jacobsen, C., Kjørsvik, E., G. Støttrup, J., & Tomkiewicz, J. (2018). Oocyte and egg quality indicators in European eel: Lipid droplet coalescence and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture, 496, 30-38. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.07.008Diemer, O., Bittencourt, F., Barcellos, L. G., Boscolo, W. R., Feiden, A., & Romagosa, E. (2014). Lysine in the diet of Rhamdia voulezi male broodstocks confined in net cages. Aquaculture, 434, 93-99. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.07.029Dong, H.-J., Wu, D., Xu, S.-Y., Li, Q., Fang, Z.-F., Che, L.-Q., … Lin, Y. (2016). Effect of dietary supplementation with amino acids on boar sperm quality and fertility. Animal Reproduction Science, 172, 182-189. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.08.003Dzyuba, V., & Cosson, J. (2014). Motility of fish spermatozoa: from external signaling to flagella response. Reproductive Biology, 14(3), 165-175. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2013.12.005Finn, R. N., & Fyhn, H. J. (2010). Requirement for amino acids in ontogeny of fish. Aquaculture Research, 41(5), 684-716. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02220.xForster, I., & Ogata, H. Y. (1998). Lysine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 161(1-4), 131-142. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00263-9Gallego, V., Mazzeo, I., Vílchez, M. C., Peñaranda, D. S., Carneiro, P. C. F., Pérez, L., & Asturiano, J. F. (2012). Study of the effects of thermal regime and alternative hormonal treatments on the reproductive performance of European eel males (Anguilla anguilla) during induced sexual maturation. Aquaculture, 354-355, 7-16. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.041Gallego, V., & Asturiano, J. F. (2018). Sperm motility in fish: technical applications and perspectives through CASA-Mot systems. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 30(6), 820. doi:10.1071/rd17460Gallego, V., & Asturiano, J. F. (2018). Fish sperm motility assessment as a tool for aquaculture research: a historical approach. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11(3), 697-724. doi:10.1111/raq.12253He, S., & Woods III, L. . (2003). Effects of glycine and alanine on short-term storage and cryopreservation of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) spermatozoa. Cryobiology, 46(1), 17-25. doi:10.1016/s0011-2240(02)00159-1Heinsbroek, L. T. N., Støttrup, J. G., Jacobsen, C., Corraze, G., Kraiem, M. M., Holst, L. K., … Kaushik, S. J. (2013). A review on broodstock nutrition of marine pelagic spawners: the curious case of the freshwater eels (Anguillaspp.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 19, 1-24. doi:10.1111/anu.12091Higuchi, M., Celino, F. T., Tamai, A., Miura, C., & Miura, T. (2011). The synthesis and role of taurine in the Japanese eel testis. Amino Acids, 43(2), 773-781. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1128-3Izquierdo, M. ., Fernández-Palacios, H., & Tacon, A. G. . (2001). Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish. Aquaculture, 197(1-4), 25-42. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00581-6Jobgen, W. S., Fried, S. K., Fu, W. J., Meininger, C. J., & Wu, G. (2006). Regulatory role for the arginine–nitric oxide pathway in metabolism of energy substrates. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 17(9), 571-588. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.12.001Kaushik, S. J., Fauconneau, B., Terrier, L., & Gras, J. (1988). Arginine requirement and status assessed by different biochemical indices in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture, 70(1-2), 75-95. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(88)90008-7Kawabata, K., Tsubaki, K., Tazaki, T., & Ikeda, S. (1992). Sexual Behavior Induced by Amino Acids in the Rose Bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI, 58(5), 839-844. doi:10.2331/suisan.58.839Keller, D. W., & Polakoski, K. L. (1975). L-Arginine Stimulation of Human Sperm Motility in vitro. Biology of Reproduction, 13(2), 154-157. doi:10.1095/biolreprod13.2.154Kjørsvik, E., Hoehne-Reitan, K., & Reitan, K. I. (2003). Egg and larval quality criteria as predictive measures for juvenile production in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture, 227(1-4), 9-20. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00492-7Kwasek, K., Dabrowski, K., Nynca, J., Takata, R., Wojno, M., & Wick, M. (2014). The Influence of Dietary Lysine on Yellow Perch Female Reproductive Performance and the Quality of Eggs. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 76(4), 351-358. doi:10.1080/15222055.2014.911223Kwasek, K., Dabrowski, K., Nynca, J., Wojno, M., & Wick, M. (2014). The Influence of Dietary Lysine on Yellow Perch Maturation and the Quality of Sperm. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 76(2), 119-126. doi:10.1080/15222055.2013.856826Labbe, C., Maisse, G., Müller, K., Zachowski, A., Kaushik, S., & Loir, M. (1995). Thermal acclimation and dietary lipids alter the composition, but not fluidity, of trout sperm plasma membrane. Lipids, 30(1), 23-33. doi:10.1007/bf02537038Lahnsteiner, F., Patzner, R. A., & Welsmann, T. (1993). The spermatic ducts of salmonid fishes (Salmonidae, Teleostei). Morphology, histochemistry and composition of the secretion. Journal of Fish Biology, 42(1), 79-93. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1993.tb00307.xLahnsteiner, F. (2009). The role of free amino acids in semen of rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissand carpCyprinus carpio. Journal of Fish Biology, 75(4), 816-833. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02317.xLahnsteiner, F., Mansour, N., McNiven, M. A., & Richardson, G. F. (2009). Fatty acids of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) semen: Composition and effects on sperm functionality. Aquaculture, 298(1-2), 118-124. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.08.034Lahnsteiner, F. (2010). A comparative study on the composition and importance of free amino acids in semen of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, and perch, Perca fluviatilis. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 36(4), 1297-1305. doi:10.1007/s10695-010-9442-3Li, P., Mai, K., Trushenski, J., & Wu, G. (2008). New developments in fish amino acid nutrition: towards functional and environmentally oriented aquafeeds. Amino Acids, 37(1), 43-53. doi:10.1007/s00726-008-0171-1Mai, K., Lu Zhang, Ai, Q., Duan, Q., Zhang, C., Li, H., … Liufu, Z. (2006). Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Aquaculture, 258(1-4), 535-542. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.043Mansour, N., McNiven, M. A., & Richardson, G. F. (2006). The effect of dietary supplementation with blueberry, α-tocopherol or astaxanthin on oxidative stability of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) semen. Theriogenology, 66(2), 373-382. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.12.002Martinage, A., Gusse, M., Bélaïche, D., Sautière, P., & Chevaillier, P. (1985). Amino acid sequence of a cysteine-rich, arginine-rich sperm protamine of the dog-fish Scylliorhinus caniculus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 831(2), 172-178. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(85)90032-9MATSUNARI, H., HAMADA, K., MUSHIAKE, K., & TAKEUCHI, T. (2006). Effects of taurine levels in broodstock diet on reproductive performance of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. Fisheries Science, 72(5), 955-960. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01243.xMozanzadeh, M. T., Yaghoubi, M., Marammazi, J. G., Safari, O., & Gisbert, E. (2018). Effects of dietary protein and essential amino acid deficiencies on growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activities of silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta). International Aquatic Research, 10(1), 45-55. doi:10.1007/s40071-017-0187-9Mylonas, C. C., Duncan, N. J., & Asturiano, J. F. (2017). Hormonal manipulations for the enhancement of sperm production in cultured fish and evaluation of sperm quality. Aquaculture, 472, 21-44. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.04.021Nandi, S., Routray, P., Gupta, S. D., Rath, S. C., Dasgupta, S., Meher, P. K., & Mukhopadhyay, P. K. (2007). Reproductive performance of carp, Catla catla (Ham.), reared on a formulated diet with PUFA supplementation. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23(6), 684-691. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00874.xPatel, A. B., Srivastava, S., Phadke, R. S., & Govil, G. (1998). Arginine Activates Glycolysis of Goat Epididymal Spermatozoa: An NMR Study. Biophysical Journal, 75(3), 1522-1528. doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(98)74071-8Peñaranda, D. S., Pérez, L., Gallego, V., Jover, M., Tveiten, H., Baloche, S., … Asturiano, J. F. (2010). Molecular and physiological study of the artificial maturation process in European eel males: From brain to testis. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 166(1), 160-171. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.08.006Poupard, G. P., Paxion, C., Cosson, J., Jeulin, C., Fierville, F., & Billard, R. (1998). Initiation of carp spermatozoa motility and early ATP reduction after milt contamination by urine. Aquaculture, 160(3-4), 317-328. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00301-3Perez, L., Aturiano, J. F., Tomas, A., Zegrari, S., Barrera, R., Espinos, F. J., … Jover, M. (2000). Induction of maturation and spermiation in the male European eel: assessment of sperm quality throughout treatment. Journal of Fish Biology, 57(6), 1488-1504. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02227.xPolitis, S. N., Mazurais, D., Servili, A., Zambonino-Infante, J.-L., Miest, J. J., Sørensen, S. R., … Butts, I. A. E. (2017). Temperature effects on gene expression and morphological development of European eel, Anguilla anguilla larvae. PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0182726. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182726Politis, S. N., Mazurais, D., Servili, A., Zambonino-Infante, J.-L., Miest, J. J., Tomkiewicz, J., & Butts, I. A. E. (2018). Salinity reduction benefits European eel larvae: Insights at the morphological and molecular level. PLOS ONE, 13(6), e0198294. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198294Politis, S. N., Servili, A., Mazurais, D., Zambonino-Infante, J.-L., Miest, J. J., Tomkiewicz, J., & Butts, I. A. E. (2018). Temperature induced variation in gene expression of thyroid hormone receptors and deiodinases of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larvae. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 259, 54-65. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.11.003Politis, S. N., Sørensen, S. R., Mazurais, D., Servili, A., Zambonino-Infante, J.-L., Miest, J. J., … Butts, I. A. E. (2018). Molecular Ontogeny of First-Feeding European Eel Larvae. Frontiers in Physiology, 9. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01477Pourkhazaei, F., Ebrahimi, E., & Ghaedi, A. (2016). Arginine effects on biochemical composition of sperm in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Research, 48(7), 3464-3471. doi:10.1111/are.13172R�nnestad, I., Fyhn, H. J., & Gravningen, K. (1992). The importance of free amino acids to the energy metabolism of eggs and larvae of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Marine Biology, 114(4), 517-525. doi:10.1007/bf00357249Ruchimat, T., Masumoto, T., Hosokawa, H., Itoh, Y., & Shimeno, S. (1997). Quantitative lysine requirement of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture, 158(3-4), 331-339. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00215-9Rurangwa, E., Kime, D. ., Ollevier, F., & Nash, J. . (2004). The measurement of sperm motility and factors affecting sperm quality in cultured fish. Aquaculture, 234(1-4), 1-28. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.006Safafar, H., Hass, M., Møller, P., Holdt, S., & Jacobsen, C. (2016). High-EPA Biomass from Nannochloropsis salina Cultivated in a Flat-Panel Photo-Bioreactor on a Process Water-Enriched Growth Medium. Marine Drugs, 14(8), 144. doi:10.3390/md14080144Sangeeta, S., Arangasamy, A., Kulkarni, S., & Selvaraju, S. (2015). Role of amino acids as additives on sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation levels at pre-freeze and post-thawed ram semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 161, 82-88. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.08.008Silva, J. V., Freitas, M. J., Correia, B. R., Korrodi-Gregório, L., Patrício, A., Pelech, S., & Fardilha, M. (2015). Profiling signaling proteins in human spermatozoa: biomarker identification for sperm quality evaluation. Fertility and Sterility, 104(4), 845-856.e8. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.039Sørensen, S., Gallego, V., Pérez, L., Butts, I., Tomkiewicz, J., & Asturiano, J. (2013). Evaluation of Methods to Determine Sperm Density for the European eel,Anguilla anguilla. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 48(6), 936-944. doi:10.1111/rda.12189Støttrup, J. G., Jacobsen, C., Tomkiewicz, J., & Jarlbaek, H. (2012). Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eelAnguilla anguillaL. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(2), 172-185. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2012.00967.xStøttrup, J. G., Tomkiewicz, J., Jacobsen, C., Butts, I. A. E., Holst, L. K., Krüger-Johnsen, M., … Kaushik, S. (2015). Development of a broodstock diet to improve developmental competence of embryos in European eel,Anguilla anguilla. Aquaculture Nutrition, 22(4), 725-737. doi:10.1111/anu.12299Dayal, J. S., Ahamad Ali, S., Thirunavukkarasu, A. R., Kailasam, M., & Subburaj, R. (2003). Nutrient an

Impact of liver fat on the differential partitioning of hepatic triacylglycerol into VLDL subclasses on high and low sugar diets.

Dietary sugars are linked to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dyslipidaemia, but it is unknown if NAFLD itself influences the effects of sugars on plasma lipoproteins. To study this further, men with NAFLD (n=11) and low liver fat 'controls' (n= 14) were fed two iso-energetic diets, high or low in sugars (26% or 6% total energy) for 12 weeks, in a randomised, cross-over design. Fasting plasma lipid and lipoprotein kinetics were measured after each diet by stable isotope trace-labelling. There were significant differences in the production and catabolic rates of VLDL subclasses between men with NAFLD and controls, in response to the high and low sugar diets. Men with NAFLD had higher plasma concentrations of VLDL1-triacylglycerol (TAG) after the high ( P <0.02) and low sugar ( P <0.0002) diets, a lower VLDL1-TAG fractional catabolic rate after the high sugar diet ( P <0.01), and a higher VLDL1-TAG production rate after the low sugar diet ( P <0.01), relative to controls. An effect of the high sugar diet, was to channel hepatic TAG into a higher production of VLDL1-TAG ( P <0.02) in the controls, but in contrast, a higher production of VLDL2-TAG ( P <0.05) in NAFLD. These dietary effects on VLDL subclass kinetics could be explained, in part, by differences in the contribution of fatty acids from intra-hepatic stores, and de novo lipogenesis. This study provides new evidence that liver fat accumulation leads to a differential partitioning of hepatic TAG into large and small VLDL subclasses, in response to high and low intakes of sugars.The work was supported by a UK government grant from the Biological Biotechnology Scientific Research Council (Grant no. BB/G009899/1); University of Surrey PhD scholarship for AM; Medical Research Council (body composition measurements) and infrastructure support from the National Institute of Health Research at the Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre