High school students' summer jobs and their ensuing labour market achievement

This paper seeks to determine the effect of summer jobs offered by the public sector on high-school students’ labour market achievement by use of quasi-experimental data. Many municipalities in Sweden offer summer jobs within their organizations to high-school students. The municipality of Falun randomly allocates about 200 such summer jobs per year by a lottery. Because of this, the effect of a summer job might be determined while the issue of self-selection bias is controlled. Our study finds that summer jobs slightly improve the earnings immediately after graduation from high school, but the effect does not persist.intention-to-treat; on-treatment; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test

Investimentos em transporte intermodal no Brasil poderia beneficiar o crescimento do PIB

[PT] Brasil é um dos países em desenvolvimento que faz parte dos BRICS, os quais juntos têm um potencial de crescimento e consumo de mais de 50% do PIB global. A distribuição de bens produzidos no território brasileiro requer um gerenciamento complexo devido a suas dimensões continentais. Uma rede de transporte mais eficiente e integrado deve reduzir os preços e trazer competitividade aos produtos brasileiros. A solução não é única e requer um planejamento global dos transportes, incluindo o uso de vários meios, transportes intermodais, o que reduzirá custos e tempo de entrega. Optou-se por um estudo qualitativo de banco de dados de agências governamentais e análise de estudos publicados sobre o tema. Este estudo apresenta os dados de custos baseado em preços internacionais. O Brasil tem adotado, tradicionalmente, o transporte rodoviário, apesar de ter outras opções disponíveis, como ferrovias ou hidrovias. Os resultados indicam que se o país não faz os investimentos necessários em modais adequados, perderá competitividade internacional levando à diminuição do PIB. Estudos de simulação de investimentos em modos de transporte e suas implicações sobre o crescimento do PIB seria o curso natural deste estudo. A importância deste trabalho é apontar para a necessidade urgente de investigar e investir outros meios de transporte nos países em desenvolvimento[EN] Brazil is one of developing countries part of the BRICS, which together have the potential to increase production and consumption by more than 50% of global GDP. The distribution of food produced in Brazilian territory requires a complex assessment, due to its continental dimensions. A network of more efficient and integrated transportation should reduce prices and bring competitiveness to Brazilian products. The solution is not unique and requires a global transportation planning, including using various means, intermodal transportation, to reduce costs and delivery time. This study aimed to analyze alternative modals other than roads, to deliver products within Brazilian territory. A database qualitative study was selected using governmental agencies data and analysis of published studies on the topic. Simulation was done to bring the decision-making using officials data projection. Using data from the literature review of government data on the subject, and further application in transport, simulation was applied seeking other alternatives for roads. Results presented national options and their costs based on international prices. Brazil has traditionally adopted road transportation, and other options are available, as railways or waterways. Results also indicate that if the country does not make the necessary investments in adequate modals, it will lose international competitiveness leading to decrease in the GDP. Include simulation studies on investments in modes of transport and its implications on GDP growth would be the natural course of this study. The importance of this study is to point out the urgent need to investigate and invest other means of transport in developing countriesThe authors wish to thank CAPES and CNPQ, and the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV).Garcia, S.; Vicens Salort, E.; Nääs, I. (2015). Investment in intermodal transportation in Brazil could benefit the country's agribusiness GDP growth. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Biossistemas (Online). 9(1):90-98. doi:10.18011/bioeng91201590-98S90989

Septisk tenosynovit i kotsenskidan hos häst : en retrospektiv studie av 21 hästar

Septic tenosynovitis involving the digital sheath is a relatively common problem in the horse and the prognosis has been considered as poor. However, there are only few studies confirming this. The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge about the prognosis for septic tenosynovitis in the digital sheath. The literature indicates that half or a bit more than half of the treated horses will return to previous use. The recommended treatment is debridement of the wound, lavage and sometimes application of drains and broadspectrum antibiotics. The prognosis is considered as worse when the infection is established. The most common complication is adhesions between the tendons and the digital sheath wall. Journals from 21 horses diagnosed with septic tenosynovitis or a wound penetrating the digital sheath, treated at the horse clinic at SLU, during a period of almost seven years, has been studied. 71 % of the horses had a good outcome i.e. returned to previous use or were able to be used for the intended purpose. Three horses were not able to be used to the same extent as earlier because of remaining lameness and three were destroyed. The survival rate was 86 %. The median age was 4 years (3 months to 19 years). The aetiology was a perforating wound in 19 (90 %) of the horses. All of the horses had both surgical and medical treatment. Depending on the long-time treatment outcome the horses were divided into two groups with good or bad outcome. The groups were compared regarding age, breed gender, aetiology, clinical signs, the cytological and bacteriological features of the synovia, time to surgical treatment, postoperative drainage of the digital sheath, response to surgical treatment, length of hospitalisation, medical treatment and treatment during recovery period. The treatment outcome tended to be worse the longer time that had passed since the first signs of infection until surgical treatment and also the lamer the horse was preoperatively. The percentage of horses that had postoperative drainage was higher in the group that had a good outcome than in the group that had a bad outcome. On the fifth day postoperatively, five of the total group of 21 horses were still more than 1° lame and of these 80 % belonged to the group with bad outcome. Owing to these results and the literature rapid surgical and medical treatment including tenoscopically guided lavage and debridement of the digital sheath is recommended. Exsudate from the digital sheath should be able to drain through the wound or through an intrathecal drain. Antibiotic treatment should be given both intrathecally and intravenously with broadspectrum antibiotics in addition to anti-inflammatory drugs.Septisk tenosynovit involverande kotsenskidan är relativt vanligt hos hästar och prognosen har traditionellt ansetts som dålig. Det finns dock endast ett fåtal studier som bekräftar detta. Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om prognosen vid septisk tenosynovit i kotsenskidan. I litteraturen anges att hälften eller något mer av behandlade hästar kommer tillbaka till tidigare arbete. Den rekommenderade behandlingen är sårrevision, lavage och eventuellt dränage av kotsenskidan och bredspektrumantibiotika. Prognosen anses sämre vid etablerad infektion och den vanligaste komplikationen är adherensbildning. Journaler från 21 hästar med diagnosen septisk tenosynovit eller sårskada med perforation till kotsenskidan behandlade på hästkliniken, SLU under en knapp sjuårs period har studerats. 71 % av hästarna hade bra behandlingsresultat dvs, de kom tillbaka till tidigare användning eller började användas inom det avsedda användningsområdet. Tre hästar kunde inte användas i samma utsträckning som tidigare pga kvarstående hälta och tre avlivades. Överlevnaden var 86 %. Medianåldern var 4 år (3 månader till 19 år). Etiologin var en perforerande sårskada hos 19 (90 %) av hästarna. Alla hästarna behandlades både kirurgiskt och medicinskt. Beroende på om det långsiktiga behandlingsresultatet var bra eller dåligt delades hästarna in i två grupper. Grupperna jämfördes avseende signalement, etiologi, klinisk bild, synovians cytologiska och bakteriella bild, tid till kirurgisk behandling, postoperativt dränage av kotsenskidan, svar på kirurgisk behandling, kliniktidens längd, medicinsk behandling och behandling under konvalescensen. Behandlingsresultatet tenderade att vara sämre ju längre tid efter symptomdebuten hästarna fick kirurgisk behandling och ju haltare de var preoperativt. Av de hästar som kom tillbaka till tidigare användning hade större andel haft möjlighet till postoperativt dränage än i gruppen med dåligt behandlingsresultat. Dag fem postoperativt var fem av totalt 21 hästar fortfarande mer än 1° halta och av dessa hörde 80 % till gruppen med dålig prognos. Med anledning av dessa resultat samt litteraturstudier rekommenderas snabbt insatt kirurgisk och medicinsk behandling samt spolning och upprensning av kotsenskidan med hjälp av tenoskopi. Vätska från kotsenskidan bör ges möjlighet att dränera antingen genom såret eller genom en intrathekal drän. Antibiotikabehandling bör ske både lokalt och intravenöst med bredspektrumantibiotika jämte allmän antiinflammatorisk medicinering

Älgbetesinventering på Orsblecks viltvårdsområde

The purpose with this report is to compare moose browsing in young stands within a small game preservation, and if there are any differences between two areas. The method used in the inventory is a local damage caused by moose browsing survey. It is suitable on areas that have more than 50 hectares but less than 250 hectares of young forest. Inventory of moose browsing is best done on bare ground in the spring and should preferably be done before the flushing begins at the pine. Orsblecks game management area is divided into two different moose management areas, Noppikoski and Siljansringen. During the winter Siljansringen has a denser winter strain of moose, because of the moose seek out lower parts with less snow during the winter. This should also lead to the southernmost part should accommodate larger proportion of damages caused by browsing by moose. The hypothesis that the southern area, Siljansringen, would have more severe damage compared to the northern area, Noppikoski, was confirmed

Infrared thermal image for assessing animal health and welfare

Infrared thermal imaging is a non-destructive testing technology that can be used to determine the superficial temperature of objects. This technology has an increasing use in detecting diseases and distress in animal husbandry within the poultry, pig and dairy production. The process can identify changes in peripheral blood flow from the resulting changes in heat loss and; therefore, have been a useful tool for evaluating the presence of disease, edema, and stress in animals. This paper reviews the current literature related to the use of infrared technology and discusses their results and implications in animal welfare issues, poultry, pig and bovine industry

Ventilação natural e temperatura da superfície de pisos aquecidos em escamoteadores

This research had the objective of evaluating the influence of the natural ventilation on the surface temperature distribution of heated crates. The research used six crates from a farrowing room in a commercial swine production farm located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Three crates were heated using a heat mat while the other three had the environment heated by incandescent light bulbs (200W) fixed on the lateral wall. The surface temperature of the crate's floor (1.55x0.55m) was registered in 36 points, distributed in 18 quadrants (0.26x0.18m) using an infrared thermometer in three different conditions of the room's natural ventilation: opened, semi-opened, and closed lateral curtain. The isotherms and the temperature distribution of the floor heat were processed using the SURFER® (1995), and the statistical analysis was done using the MINITAB® (Statistical..., 2002). It was found that the room's natural ventilation had a significant influence on crate floor surface temperature distribution. The crate with a heat mat system provided higher temperatures and led to a more homogeneous surface temperature distribution.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da ventilação natural sobre a distribuição da temperatura na superfície de pisos aquecidos em escamoteadores. Foram avaliados seis escamoteadores da maternidade de uma granja de suínos localizada no estado de São Paulo. Dentre os escamoteadores avaliados, três deles usavam piso aquecido para o acondicionamento dos leitões, e os outros usavam lâmpadas incandescentes (200W), fixadas na parede lateral do interior do escamoteador. A temperatura da superfície do piso (1,55x0,55m) foi registrada medindo-se 36 pontos distribuídos em 18 quadrantes (0,26x0,18m), por meio de um termômetro infravermelho, em três diferentes condições de ventilação natural: com cortina lateral aberta, semiaberta e totalmente fechada. As isotermas e a distribuição da temperatura sobre o piso aquecido foram processadas usando-se o software SURFER®. Verificou-se que a ventilação natural teve efeito sobre a distribuição da temperatura da superfície do piso dos escamoteadores. O escamoteador aquecido com manta térmica forneceu temperaturas mais altas e distribuição mais homogênea na superfície de contato com os leitões.47748

Laboratory instructions for the boiler energy balance experiment

Bakalaurusetöö Tehnika ja tehnoloogia õppekavalÕppeaine Soojusgeneraatorid on Eesti Maaülikooli Tehnika ja tehnoloogia õppekavas. Kuna antud õppeaines saab üliõpilane palju teadmisi läbi praktilise töö, siis laboratoorse töö juhend on mõeldud praktikumi sujuvamaks korraldamiseks. Kuna siiamaani puudus antud õppeaines selline juhend, siis töö eesmärgiks on koostada üliõpilasi abistav juhend praktikumi läbiviimiseks. Antud praktikumi töö sisuks on puuküttekatla LUK-50 soojusbilansi määramine. Lõputöö keskendubki bioloogilist päritolu kütustele, põlemisprotsessile ja katlast eralduvatele soojushulkadele. Parema tulemuse saavutamiseks on läbi viidud katlabilansikatse ka praktilise tööna, et näha paremini kütuse põletamisel tekkivaid murekohti. Töö käigus on teostatud ja uuritud väljuva suitsugaasi koostist ja määratud katla kasutegur. Sooritatud katsel mõõdetud ja analüüsitud andmeid on arvestatud praktikumi juhendi koostamisel ja antud soovitusi paremaks praktilise töö läbiviimiseks.The course Heat Generators is in the Curriculum of Engineering and Technology of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. Since the student acquires a lot of knowledge in this subject through practical work, the laboratory work instruction is intended for a smoother organization of the practical training. As there has been no such guide in this subject so far, the aim of the thesis is to compile a guide to assist students in conducting an internship. The content of the work of this practicum is to determine the heat balance of the wood heating boiler LUK-50. The thesis focuses on fuels of biological origin, the combustion process and the amount of heat released from the boiler. In order to achieve a better result, I also conducted a boiler balance test as a practical work to better see the concerns that arise when burning fuel. During the work, the composition of the flue gas has been performed and studied and the efficiency of the boiler has been determined. The data measured and analyzed in the performed experiment have been taken into account in compiling the instructions of the laboratory work and recommendations have been given for better practical work

Kirsebergs Bangårdspark

Ruderatmarker återfinns ofta på bangårdar och karaktäriseras av att marken ständigt störs och därmed saknar heltäckande vegetation. Trots att dessa områden både innehar en hög artrikedom och kulturhistoriska värden utsätts de ofta för exploatering då de bara ses som en skräpmark ej värd att bevara. Det är viktigt att ändra synen på ruderatmarken och lyfta dess värden. Ett sätt kan vara att skapa en så kallad ruderatmarkspark där ruderatmarken bevaras och integreras i gestaltningen. I detta arbete presenteras ett gestaltningsförslag för en grannskapspark. En grannskapspark ska vara mellan 1- 5 hektar stor. Då definitionen inte anger vilka funktioner parken ska innehålla idag har jag valt att utgå från definitionen för kvarterspark då dessa två storleksmässigt överensstämmer med varandra. I en kvarterspark ska det exempelvis finnas möjlighet till att hänga, sola, ha picknick, koppla av och leka. Gestaltningsområdet är beläget på en 150 år gammal bangård innehållande ruderatmark, i Kirseberg, Malmö. Det finns idag planer på att exploatera bangården vilket innebär att stora delar av ruderatmarken riskerar att försvinna. I och med detta har det gjorts en naturvärdesinventering där det framkom att ruderatmarken har höga naturvärden med flera rödlistade arter. Om marken bebyggs är risken stor att de rödlistade arterna försvinner. I den fördjupade översiktsplanen för Kirseberg beskrivs att befintlig vegetation så som ruderatmarken så långt som möjligt ska bevaras. Bangården innehar även kulturhistoriska värden och det beskrivs även att dessa spår som gamla järnvägsspår ska bevaras för att behålla platsens industriella karaktär. Syftet är att gestalta en funktionell och attraktiv grannskapspark där hänsyn tas till ekologiska och kulturhistoriska värden. Den bärande idén Artrikedom på spåren syftar till att skapa en park med både sociala, ekologiska och kulturhistoriska värden. Dessa värden ska vara integrerade i designen. Det ska vara möjligt att läsa platsen historia, uppleva den biologiska mångfalden samtidigt som parken har en social funktion. I förslaget har största delen av ruderatmarken bevarats genom att placera nya funktioner på ytor som idag är hårdgjorda. Ruderatmarken har gjorts om till en grusig äng genom att addera blommande arter som naturligt finns i området. Ruderatmarksängen kan användas som en flexibel yta för exempelvis bollspel eller lek. Störningen är viktig för att bevara de hotade arterna genom att hindra igenväxning. Kulturhistoriska element så som tågspår har bevarats och integrerats i gestaltningen genom att de exempelvis gjorts om till gångvägar. I parken finns både möjlighet till att hänga, sola, vila, leka, odla etc. Det finns ett torg med träd, perennplanteringar, sittplatser och hårdgjorda ytor för flexibla aktiviteter. Det finns en grön dunge med en stor variation av blommande träd och buskar. Parken ramas in av ett staket i kortenstål och entréerna framhävs av en gul mur. Jag hoppas att mitt gestaltningsförslag kan väcka nya idéer om vad en park kan innehålla och se ut. Att den inte behöver karaktäriseras med gröna gräsmattor och träd utan istället kan innehålla ruderatmarksängar med en hög biologisk mångfald. En park som både innehar sociala, ekologiska och kulturhistoriska värden.Ruderal areas can often be found on rail yards. These areas are characterized by not having covering vegetation, due to disturbance like moving trains. Sooner or later these areas are often developed, without any consideration of the existing values. Brown fields often have both ecological and cultural-historical values that should be taken into consideration in urban planning. The values of the areas with ruderal vegetation should be enhanced and the land be seen as a resource, not just as wastelands. It is important to increase the knowledge among people about such values in order to change their opinions about these places. One way to preserve ruderal areas in the cities is to turn them into brown field parks where ruderal vegetation are being preserved and integrated in the design. The purpose of this work is to make a design proposal of a functional and attractive neighborhood park located in a former rail yard, at the same time as ecological and cultural-historical values are being considered. The two research questions are: - How can an attractive park in Kirseberg be designed in order to create new open space functions and preserve the existing ruderal vegetation? - How can cultural-historical elements on the rail yard be integrated in the design of the park? Today there are plans to turn the site into a residential area. As a result of these plans an inventory of nature conservation value has been done. According to the inventory the site has high biodiversity values and comprises four endangered species. Developing the site may cause the endangered species to disappear. In the comprehensive plan of Kirseberg it was stated that the ruderal areas should be preserved and historical elements from the rail yard should be preserved to keep the industrial character of the site. The proposal of the park consists of different parts: the ruderal meadow, the square, the grove, the outdoor seating and the south and north entrance areas. In the park there are opportunities to rest, play, meet, farm etc. Most of the existing ruderal vegetation has been preserved and new functions were located at places that are today covered by asphalt or concrete. The ruderal areas have been supplemented with flowering species, typical for these areas, and transformed into ruderal meadows to make it more attractive. In order to prevent the ruderal meadow from getting overgrown it’s important to make sure that the area is being disturbed by tramping. Hence the ruderal meadow can be used as a flexible space where children for example can play. Cultural- historical elements like tracks and buffer stops have been preserved and integrated in the design. I hope my proposal can open up new thoughts and ideas about what a park can contain. I wanted to create a new type of park that work as a complement to the green and lush parks with trees and lawns. I wanted to replace the lawns with ruderal meadows with high biodiversity that can be used as a flexible space. I also hope to give inspiration about how the history of the site can be understand and read through the design

Estimulação Térmica Dos Embriões Da Linhagem Ross® Em Escala Comercial

Artificial incubation is an essential process to obtain healthy birds with good performance; nevertheless, it requires sustained improvement. During this process, incubation temperature is considered a critical factor, which has been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of Ross® embryos after hot and cold thermal stimulation. To this end, temperatures 1.39ºC above the standard temperature and a temperature fixed at 36.00ºC that varied 1.00 to 0.30ºC below the standard temperature were applied during the final embryonic development period (days 14 to 18) for three hours, on a commercial scale. Results revealed that hot and cold thermal stimulations did not cause embryo mortality; the hatching and chick quality index were maintained and even increased. Therefore, we believe that thermal stimulation has the potential to improve hatchery index, and thus grange performance; however, adjustments are needed, varying according to each individual hatchery, before it can used as a protocol. © 2016, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. All rights reserved.4691668167

Vocalização de frangos de corte pode ser usada para identificar o sexo e a linhagem genética

In order to reach higher broiler performance, farmers target losses reduction. One way to make this possible is by rearing sexed broilers as male and female present diverse performance due to their physiological differences. Birds from different genetic strain also have a distinct performance at the same age. Considering that sexed flocks may present higher performance this study aimed to identify one-day-old chicks’ sex throughout their vocalization. This research also investigated the possibility of identifying the genetic strain by their vocalization attributes. A total of 120 chicks, half of them were from Cobb® genetic strain and the other half from Ross® genetic strain. From each group, a total of 30 were males and 30 females, which were previously separated by sex using their secondary physiological characteristics at the hatchery. Vocalizations audio recording was done inside a semi-anechoic chamber using a unidirectional microphone connected to an audio input of a digital recorder. Vocalizations were recorded for two minutes. Acoustic characteristics of the sounds were analyzed being calculated the fundamental frequency Pitch, the sound intensity, the first formant, and second formant. Results indicated that the vocalizations of both sexes could be identified by the second formant, and the genetic strain was detected by both the second formant and the Pitch.352192196FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoCom a finalidade de atingir maior desempenho em frangos de corte, produtores almejam redução de perdas. Uma das maneiras de se tornar isto possível é alojar lotes sexados, uma vez que machos e fêmeas apresentam desempenho distinto devido às diferenças fisiológicas. Aves de linhagens genéticas diferentes também apresentam desempenho distinto na mesma idade. Considerando que lotes sexados podem apresentar maior desempenho, este estudo objetivou identificar o sexo de pintos de um dia de idade através de sua vocalização. Esta pesquisa também investigou a possibilidade de identificar a linhagem genética através dos atributos da vocalização. O total de 120 pintos, sendo metade da genética Cobb® e a outra metade da genética Ross®, foram utilizados. De cada grupo, o total de 30 machos e 30 fêmeas foi previamente separado, utilizando suas características fisiológicas secundárias, no incubatório. O registro áudio de vocalização foi efetuado dentro de uma câmara semi anecoica, usando um microfone unidirecional conectado a uma entrada de áudio em um gravador digital. As vocalizações foram gravadas por dois minutos. As características acústicas dos sons foram analisadas e foram calculadas a frequência fundamental Pitch, a intensidade do som, a primeira formante e a segunda formante. Os resultados indicaram que a vocalização de ambos os sexos pode ser identificada pela segunda formante, e a linhagem genética pela segunda formante e pela frequência de Pitch