A comparative study of the nazire tradition

Nazire kelimesi, edebiyat terimi olarak; bir şairin şiirine aynı vezin ve kafiyeyle söylenen manzume, bir şairin bir şiirini takliden söylenen şiir, bir şairin şiirine benzemek üzere tertip olunan şiir gibi anlamlara sahip olan bir kavramdır. Şairlerin nazire söylemeleri, klasik şiirin kuruluş dönemlerinden beri varlığını sürdürmüş ve bir gelenek şeklinde yüzyıllardır devam etmiştir. Bu gelenek, edebiyatta zenginliğe, genişlemeye yol açmış, şiire canlılık kazandırmıştır. Her devir, her bölgede karşımıza çıkan nazire geleneği, hemen hemen her şairin başvurduğu bir tecrübe olmuş, şairler şiir geleneğini nazirelerle öğrenmiş; nazire, geçmişin yeniden yazımını sağlayan eğitim aracı hâline gelmiştir. Nazire geleneği içerisinde özellikle aşk konulu mesneviler sıkça işlenmiştir. Leyla ve Mecnun hikâyesi de Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında pek çok şairin kaleme aldığı bir aşk hikâyesidir. Bu hikâye bilinen bir hikâye olmakla birlikte, hikâyeyi üne kavuşturan ve mesnevi tarzında yazan ilk isim, Nizâmî’dir. Nizâmî, hikâyeye özgünlük katmış, lirik bir aşk hikâyesi formuyla asırlarca pek çok ismi etkileyip nazire geleneğini başlatmış ve eserlerine çok sayıda nazire yazılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın konusu da Nizâmî’nin Leylâ vü Mecnûn mesnevisinin, 19. yüzyılda yazılan Mecnûn u Leylî (Nâkâm) adını taşıyan naziresiyle mukayesesidir. Bu çalışmada, Leyla ve Mecnun hikâyesinin mesnevi nazım şekliyle anlatıldığı ilk ve son eserin şekil ve muhteva karşılaştırması yapılmış, nazire geleneğinin yüzyıllar sonra bile nasıl canlılığını koruduğu, edebiyata kattığı zenginlik tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştırThe word nazire, as a literary term; poetry, which is sung to a poet's poem with the same rhyme and rhyme, is a concept that has meanings such as poetry, which is sung by imitating a poem of a poet, and poetry arranged to resemble a poem of a poet. Poets' utterance to the poetry has existed since the founding periods of classical poetry and has been a tradition for centuries. This tradition has led to richness and expansion in literature and brought vitality to poetry. In the nazire tradition, especially the mesnevi’s on love were frequently mentioned. The story of Leyla and Mecnun is also a love story written by many poets in Arabic, Persian and Turkish literatures. Although this story is a known one, Nizâmî is the first name that made the story famous and wrote it in mesnevi style. The subject of our study is the comparison of his mesnevi with the nazir, named Mecnûn u Leylî (Nâkâm), written in the 19th century. In this study, the form and content of the first and last work, in which the story of Leyla and Mecnun is told in mesnevi verse, is compared, and it is tried to determine how the Nazire tradition has preserved its vitality even after centuries and the richness it added to the literature

Dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2A receptor agonist, triggers seizures unilaterally in GAERS during the pre-epileptic phase: does the onset of spike-and-wave discharges occur in a focal manner?

IntroductionThe genetic absence epilepsy rat from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a rat model for infantile absence epilepsy with spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs). This study aimed to investigate the potential of alpha 2A agonism to induce seizures during the pre-epileptic period in GAERS rats.MethodsStereotaxic surgery was performed on male pups and adult GAERS rats to implant recording electrodes in the frontoparietal cortices (right/left) under anesthesia (PN23–26). Following the recovery period, pup GAERS rats were subjected to electroencephalography (EEG) recordings for 2 h. Before the injections, pup epileptiform activity was examined using baseline EEG data. Dexmedetomidine was acutely administered at 0.6 mg/kg to pup GAERS rats 2–3 days after the surgery and once during the post-natal (PN) days 25–29. Epileptiform activities before injections triggered unilateral SWDs and induced sleep durations, and power spectral density was evaluated based on EEG traces.ResultsThe most prominent finding of this study is that unilateral SWD-like activities were induced in 47% of the animals with the intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine injection. The baseline EEGs of pup GAERS rats had no SWDs as expected since they are in the pre-epileptic period but showed low-amplitude non-rhythmic epileptiform activity. There was no difference in the duration of epileptiform activities between the basal EEG groups and DEX-injected unilateral SWD-like-exhibiting and non-SWD-like activities groups; however, the sleep duration of the unilateral SWD-like-exhibiting group was shorter. Power spectrum density (PSD) results revealed that the 1.75-Hz power in the left hemisphere peaks significantly higher than in the right.DiscussionAs anticipated, pup GAERS rats in the pre-epileptic stage showed no SWDs. Nevertheless, they exhibited sporadic epileptiform activities. Specifically, dexmedetomidine induced SWD-like activities solely within the left hemisphere. These observations imply that absence seizures might originate unilaterally in the left cortex due to α2AAR agonism. Additional research is necessary to explore the precise cortical focal point of this activity

Stellar Astrophysics and Exoplanet Science with the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE)

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) is a planned 11.25-m aperture facility with a 1.5 square degree field of view that will be fully dedicated to multi-object spectroscopy. A rebirth of the 3.6m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Maunakea, MSE will use 4332 fibers operating at three different resolving powers (R ~ 2500, 6000, 40000) across a wavelength range of 0.36-1.8mum, with dynamical fiber positioning that allows fibers to match the exposure times of individual objects. MSE will enable spectroscopic surveys with unprecedented scale and sensitivity by collecting millions of spectra per year down to limiting magnitudes of g ~ 20-24 mag, with a nominal velocity precision of ~100 m/s in high-resolution mode. This white paper describes science cases for stellar astrophysics and exoplanet science using MSE, including the discovery and atmospheric characterization of exoplanets and substellar objects, stellar physics with star clusters, asteroseismology of solar-like oscillators and opacity-driven pulsators, studies of stellar rotation, activity, and multiplicity, as well as the chemical characterization of AGB and extremely metal-poor stars.Comment: 31 pages, 11 figures; To appear as a chapter for the Detailed Science Case of the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explore

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

How culturally unique are pandemic effects? Evaluating cultural similarities and differences in effects of age, biological sex, and political beliefs on COVID impacts

Despite being bio-epidemiological phenomena, the causes and effects of pandemics are culturally influenced in ways that go beyond national boundaries. However, they are often studied in isolated pockets, and this fact makes it difficult to parse the unique influence of specific cultural psychologies. To help fill in this gap, the present study applies existing cultural theories via linear mixed modeling to test the influence of unique cultural factors in a multi-national sample (that moves beyond Western nations) on the effects of age, biological sex, and political beliefs on pandemic outcomes that include adverse financial impacts, adverse resource impacts, adverse psychological impacts, and the health impacts of COVID. Our study spanned 19 nations (participant N = 14,133) and involved translations into 9 languages. Linear mixed models revealed similarities across cultures, with both young persons and women reporting worse outcomes from COVID across the multi-national sample. However, these effects were generally qualified by culture-specific variance, and overall more evidence emerged for effects unique to each culture than effects similar across cultures. Follow-up analyses suggested this cultural variability was consistent with models of pre-existing inequalities and socioecological stressors exacerbating the effects of the pandemic. Collectively, this evidence highlights the importance of developing culturally flexible models for understanding the cross-cultural nature of pandemic psychology beyond typical WEIRD approaches

Muhasebe standartlarının maliyet oluşumuna etkisi ve inşaat işletmelerinde uygulama

Anahtar Kelimeler : Muhasebe Standartlarının Maliyet Oluşumuna Etkisi ve İnşaat İşletmelerinde Uygulama MUHASEBE STANDARTLARININ MALİYET OLUŞUMUNA ETKİSİ VE İNŞAAT İŞLETMELERİNDE UYGULAMA Günümüzde küreselleşen dünyada yaşanan gelişmeler ekonomi ve finansal piyasalar üzerinde etkilidir. Finansal piyasalarda yaşanan gelişmelere paralel olarak farklı ülkelerde üretilen finansal raporların benzer şekilde değerlendirilip yorumlanması gereksinimi doğmuştur. Bu nedenle muhasebede uluslararası geçerli bir dilin oluşturulması mecburiyeti ortaya çıkmıştır. Muhasebede anlam birliğinin sağlanması gerekliliği ülkelerin ulusal muhasebe standartlarının uyumlaştırılmasına yol açmış ve ortak bir muhasebe dili olarak uluslararası muhasebe standartlarının kullanılması herkes tarafından kabul edilmiştir. İşletmelerin mamullerinin maliyetini en doğru biçimde hesaplamaları aşamasında devreye maliyet sistemleri girmektedir. İşletmelerde maliyetleme çalışmaları oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu konuda yapılan başarılı çalışmalar işletmelerin verimlilik ve karlılığını arttıracağı gibi, yapılan hatalar işletmelerin iflasına kadar uzanan bir süreci doğurabilir. Çalışmamızda muhasebe standartlarının işletme maliyetlerini nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Muhasebe standartları ile işletmelerin yapmış oldukları muhasebe kayıtları farklılaşmış ve şeffaf, objektif raporlama yapılma olanağı sağlanmıştır. Keywords : Effects of accounting standards on formation of costs and application in construction enterprises. ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ON FORMATION OF COSTS AND APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISES Nowadays, the new events happening in the world are effective on economy and finance. Every country produces different financial reports so that the need of an international language has occured. This necessity caused countries to integrate their accounting standards to others. After that, the usage of international accounting standards has been accepted. Companies use cost systems to calculate the product costs. Costing operations are very important. Succesful actions taken on this subject improves company’s output and profit. On the other hand, the mistakes made in this field can cause the company’s bankruptcy. In our study we examined the effect of accounting standards on administrating of cost. By the usage of accounting standards, company’s accounting records has changed and more clear and objective reports has been developed

Investigation of the effects of leaf extract (OLE) on the biological behavior of glioblastoma cells

Glioblastoma (GB) merkezi sinir sisteminde en yaygın görülen ve en agresif olan primer beyin tümörüdür. GB'nin standart tedavisi, maksimum cerrahi rezeksiyon, kemoterapi ve radyoterapiden oluşmaktadır. Temozolomid (TMZ), GB tedavisinde en yaygın kullanılan kemoterapi ilacıdır ancak TMZ tedavisine rağmen GB hastalarının prognozu oldukça kötü seyretmektedir. Bunun sebebi, hastalığın agresif oluşu ve kanser hücrelerinin TMZ'ye direnç geliştirmesidir. Son yıllarda kanser tedavisi üzerine yeni stratejilerin geliştirilmesinde bitki özütlerinden yararlanılmakta ve kanser türüne özgü farklı kemoterapik ilaçlarla birlikte kombin tedavi yöntemlerine odaklanılmaktadır. Mevcut tez çalışmasında, daha önceki çalışmalar ile sitotoksik etkisi bilinen Olea europea yaprak özütünün (OLE) tek başına ve TMZ ile birlikte kombin kullanılmasıyla tümörün agresifliği, ilaç direnci ve Long noncoding RNA'lar (LncRNA) üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi, aynı zamanda 3 boyutlu (3B) tümör modeli ile tümör boyutuna olan etkilerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda OLE'nin tümörün agresifliği ile ilişkili EMT ve CSC belirteçlerine, ilaç direnci ile ilişkili MDR genlerine ve LncRNA'ların ekspresyon seviyelerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi için RT-PCR yöntemi kullanılmıştır. OLE'nin tümörün agresifliği ile ilişkili yara iyileşmesi, koloni oluşumu ve ilaç direnci ile ilişkili hücre yaşlanması üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile hücre kültür çalışmalarında fonksiyonel analizler ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. OLE'nin tümör boyutu üzerine etkisinin tespiti için ise 3B tümör modeli geliştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, OLE'nin tek başına ve TMZ ile birlikte EMT ve CSC belirteçlerini inhibe ederek tümörün agresifliğini önlediği, aynı zamanda MDR genlerinin ekspresyon seviyelerini düşürerek ilaç direncini kırdığı belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda OLE'nin, TMZ ile birlikte tümör boyutunda küçülme gösterdiği saptanmış ve TMZ ile birlikte sinerjik etki oluşturarak tedavide kullanılacak potansiyel bir terapötik ajan olabileceği gösterilmiştirGlioblastoma (GB) is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor in the central nervous system. The standard treatment of GB consists of maximum surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most widely used chemotherapy drug in the treatment of GB. Despite TMZ treatment, the prognosis of GB patients is very poor. This is because the disease is aggressive and cancer cells develop resistance to TMZ. In recent years, plant extracts have been used to develop new strategies on cancer treatment and different chemotherapeutic drugs specific to the cancer type. In this thesis, it is aimed to determine the effects of Olea europea leaf extract (OLE) alone and in combination with TMZ on tumor aggressiveness, drug resistance and Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNA). It was also aimed to determine the effects of 3D tumor model on tumor size. For this purpose, RTPCR method was used to determine the effects of OLE on EMT and CSC markers associated with tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance-associated MDR genes and LncRNAs on expression levels. In order to determine the effects of OLE associated with tumor aggressiveness on wound healing and colony formation and associated with drug resistance on cell aging such as functional analyzes were performed in cell culture studies. To determine the effect of OLE on tumor size, a 3D tumor model was developed. As a result, it was found that OLE alone and in combination with TMZ inhibited EMT and CSC markers to prevent tumor aggression and decreased drug resistance by decreasing expression levels of MDR genes. It has been shown that it can be a potential therapeutic agent to be used in treatment by as been shown to reduce tumor size and creating synergistic effect with TMZ

The Problems Of Foreıgn Students In Ataturk Unıversıty Whıle Learnıng Turkısh

Yabancı öğrenciler Türkçeyi öğrenmek istediklerinde çeşitli sorunlarla ve zorluklarla karşılaşırlar. Bunlar Türkçenin yapısal farklılığından kaynaklandığı gibi dolaylı olarak çevresel koşullardan da kaynaklanabilir. Yabancı dil öğrenmede belki de en büyük sıkıntı öğrenilen dili pratikte uygulama imkanı bulamamaktır. En iyi öğrenme dilin konuşulduğu yere giderek teoride öğrenilenlerin pratiğe dökülmesiyle mümkündür. Bu daha etkili ve kalıcı öğrenmeyi sağlar. Son yıllarda ülkemize artan ilgiyle Türkçe öğrenmek isteyen kişi sayısı da artmıştır. Çeşitli vesilelerle dünyanın farklı yerlerinden Türkiye’ye öğrenci gelmeye başlamıştır. Dolayısıyla gelen öğrencilerin oryantasyon sürecinde Türkçeyi dil olarak öğretme gereği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu eksikliği kapatmak adına hem kurslar hem de üniversiteler bünyesinde değişik adlarla kurulan Türkçe öğretim merkezleri çalışmalar yürütmektedir. Hiç Türkçe bilmeyen bir öğrencinin karşılaştığı ilk sorun kendi anadiliyle Türkçenin farklı sözdizimsel, yapısal ve ses özelliklerine sahip olmasından, farklı dil ailesine mensup olmaktan doğan sorunlardır. Türkçe yapıları meydana getirirken kendi anadillerinden çoğu kez transfer yapamadıklarından çeşitli hatalar ortaya çıkar. Sürecin başında yaşanan Türkçenin yapısı, kelime ve anlam bilgisi gibi sıkıntılara ek olarak dil öğrenme sürecini belki de sekteye uğratacak bazı problemler meydana gelebilir. Bu problemler öğretim elemanından, ders araç ve gereçlerinden, eğitim ortamından, dil öğretimini gerçekleştiren kurumdan hatta öğrencinin kendisinden ve çevresinden kaynaklı olabilir. Hazırlanan bu çalışmada Atatürk Üniversitesi’ne öğrenim görmeye gelen yabancı öğrencilere bir anket uygulanmış ve yaşadıkları sıkıntılara öğrencinin gözünden bakılarak gerekli tespitler yapılmaya çalışılmış, bu sorunların giderilmesine yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.Foreign students encounter with various problems and difficulties when they want to learn Turkish. These problems may be indirectly caused by environmental conditions as well as the structural differences of Turkish. The biggest problem in foreign language learning is perhaps the inability to find any possibility to practice languages that are being learned. The best way of learning is possible with the practical implementation by going to the place in which the language is spoken. This provides more effective and long-lasting learning. The number of people who want to learn Turkish increases as our country has been the focus of interest in recent years. Many students have been coming to Turkey from different parts of the world for various reasons. Thus, it is necessary for them to learn Turkish in their orientation process. For that purpose, Turkish courses in universities and Turkish training centres have been established under different names. The first and the biggest problem of the students who do not speak Turkish is the syntactic, structural and audial differences between Turkish and their native language which belongs to different language family. While they are trying to produce Turkish structures they usually fail by being unable to transfer from their mother tongue. In addition to the problems that are caused by the structure of Turkish language and its semantics, some other problems may also occur that will affect and disrupt the language learning process. These problems may originate from lecturers, course materials, training environment, and language teaching institutions, or even from the students themselves and the environment. In this study, a survey has been applied to the foreign students coming to study at Atatürk University and we have tried to make determinations by looking through the eyes of the students who have difficulties in learning Turkish, while making suggestions to avoid these problems

Servi Ağacının Türk Kültürü ve Peyzajında Kazandığı Anlamların Hayâlî’nin “Serv” Redifli Kasidesindeki Yansımaları

Serviler, dünya genelinde yirmi civarında türü olan bir bitki cinsidir. Ülkemizde Akdeniz servisi ya da adi servi olarak bilinen bir türü doğal yayılış göstermektedir. Kent peyzajının ve saltanat bahçelerinin vazgeçilmez unsuru olan servi, daha çok park ve bahçelerde, mezarlıklarda ve kırsal alanlarda yol kenarlarında kullanılmıştır. Son dönemlerde daha ziyade mezarlık ağacı olarak anılsa da serviler; cami bahçelerinde, cami içi süslemelerde ve çinilerde, mezar taşlarında, kıyafet motiflerinde, şiirlerin görsel formunda vs. yer almış;sahip olduğu bazı özellikler ona, dinî ve sembolik anlamlar yüklemiştir. Klasik Türk şiirinde ise servi; kültürde kazandığı anlamlarla birlikte, çoğunlukla sevgili-boy-salınış ilgisinin kurulduğu bir ağaç olmuştur. Ama bazı durumlarda sevgili haricinde padişah, vezir vd. için benzetme unsuru konumuna gelmiştir. Hayâlî’nin İbrahim Paşa için yazdığı ve serv kelimesini redif olarak kullandığı kaside de bu noktada dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; servi ağacının Türk kültürü ve peyzajındaki yerini değerlendirerek, servinin kültür ve peyzajda kazandığı anlamların Hayâlî’nin kasidesindeki yansımalarını incelemektir

Perception of Inpatients for Medical Skills Education at a Turkish University Hospital

Objective: This investigation was performed in order to determine the perception of in patients at the Erciyes University Hospital for medical students' skills education. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 850 adult inpatients hospitalized in a teaching hospital for at least three days. A questionnaire was applied to the patients by face-to-face interview. Results: Of the patients in the study group, 73.7% stated that it was acceptable that medical students gained medical skills by training on patients. Of the study group, 92.8% stated that medical students taking history of patients was acceptable, 86.6% observing physical examination, 75.8% observing surgical operation, 73.1% performing physical examination, and 61.7% carrying out invasive procedures, such as intravascular interventions. The rate of patients who considered refusing medical students to perform interventions on themselves was 11.7%, whereas only 2.9% had actually done so. Only the education level of the patient had a significant impact on considering refusal of medical procedures by medical students. Conclusion: In this study, most of the participants approved medical schools training on patients but it seems that per-forming medical procedures on patients will be more difficult when the level of education increases