ODREDNICE ENERGETSKE POTROŠNJE U BRICS-T ZEMLJAMA: EKONOMETRIJSKA ANALIZA

With the emergence of globalization borders are fading out and economies are getting ever more interdependent with increasing trade volumes. As global population goes up, consumption demand reinforces increases in output. In this regard, energy can be regarded as one of the most critical inputs in the process of development and growth. Accordingly, the process of growth and industrialization has been gradually increasing the dependence of world economies on energy. Energy consumption has been steadily growing with each passing year, hence increasing the dependence on energy even further. This study examines the factors that determine energy consumption. For this purpose, the factors that determine energy consumption in BRICS-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey) are analyzed for the period of 1992-2018. Foreign direct investments, energy prices and economic growth are taken to be the potential factors determining energy consumption. Error Correction Method (ECM) proposed by Westerland and LM Boostrap cointegration tests suggested by Westerland and Edgerton is used to test the existence of long term relationship between the series. Long term cointegration coefficients have been estimated using Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) estimator and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator. The findings obtained from the analysis confirm that, firstly, all three variables (foreign direct investments, prices of energy, and economic growth) are critical and have a long-term relationship with energy consumption. Secondly, the series of foreign direct investments is significant in all countries subject to our panel data analysis. Economic growth series is only significant for Turkey and China. Energy prices series are found to be significant in Russia, S. Africa, and China.S pojavom globalizacije granice nestaju, a gospodarstva postaju sve više međuovisna, s povećanjem obujma trgovine. Kako globalna populacija raste, potražnja za potrošnjom pojačava povećanje proizvodnje. U tom smislu, energija se može smatrati jednim od najkritičnijih faktora proizvodnje u procesu razvoja i rasta. Sukladno tome, proces rasta i industrijalizacije postupno povećava ovisnost svjetskih gospodarstava o energiji. Potrošnja energije je u stalnom porastu iz godine u godinu, što dodatno povećava ovisnost o energiji. Ovo istraživanje ispituje čimbenike koji određuju potrošnju energije. U tu svrhu, analizirani su čimbenici koji određuju potrošnju energije u zemljama BRICS-T (Brazil, Rusija, Indija, Kina, Južnoafrička Republika i Turska) za razdoblje 1992.-2018. Izravna strana ulaganja, cijene energije i gospodarski rast smatraju se potencijalnim faktorima koji određuju potrošnju energije. Model korekcije pogrešaka (ECM) kojeg je predložio Westerland i LM Boostrap kointegracijski testovi predloženi od strane Westerlanda i Edgertona, koriste se za testiranje postojanja dugotrajnog odnosa između serija. Dugoročni kointegracijski koeficijenti procijenjeni su korištenjem procjenitelja srednje skupine uobičajenih koreliranih učinaka (CCEMG) i procjenitelja proširene srednje skupine (AMG). Nalazi dobiveni analizom potvrđuju kako su, prvo, sve tri varijable (izravna strana ulaganja, cijene energije i gospodarski rast) kritične i dugoročno povezane s potrošnjom energije. Kao drugo, serije izravnih stranih ulaganja značajne su u svim zemljama koje su predmet naše analize panel podataka. Serije gospodarskog rasta značajne su samo za Tursku i Kinu. Pokazalo se i kako su serije cijena energije značajne u Rusiji, Južnoj Africi i Kini

Organik Patates Yetiştiriciliği Üzerinde Araştırmalar

Samsun-Ladik’de iki yıl (2005 ve 2006) süresince yürütülen bu çalışmada bitkisel materyal olarak organik üretim için önerilen Sante çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kontrol (gübresiz), ahır gübresi (1 ton/da), çeltik kavuzu (100 kg/da), ahır gübresi+çeltik kavuzu( 1 ton/da+100 kg/da), biofarm (250 kg/da) ve inorganik gübre (NPK, 15:5:20 kg/da) olmak üzere altı uygulama denenmiştir. Patates böceği ile mücadelede azadractin kullanılmış olup, etkili sonuç alınmıştır. Organik parsellerde 1.sınıf verim ve toplam verim NPK uygulamasına göre daha düşük olmuştur. Ortalama değerlere göre yumru iriliği ve bitki başına düşen ortalama yumru sayısı organik parsellerde NPK uygulamasına göre daha düşük bulunmuştur. Yumrunun kuru madde miktarı ve özgül ağırlık değerleri bakımından organik ve geleneksel yöntem arasında farklılık belirlenmemiştir. Buna karşın yumrunun kül ve protein miktarı bakımından uygulamalar arasında önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. En fazla kül içeriği kontrolden (%6.08) elde edilmiş olup, diğer uygulamalar aynı grup içerisinde yer almıştır. Ortalama değerler dikkate alındığında en fazla protein içeriği NPK uygulamasından (%9.26), en düşük ise ahır gübresi uygulamasından (%7.25) elde edilmiştir

A complication of venous cut-down: Migration of catheter that remained in the vein

Amiyotrofik lateral skleroz tanısıyla takip edilen, parenteral besleme ve tıbbi tedavi amacıyla sol kolda sefalik vene cut-down yaklaşımıyla santral kateterizasyon uygulanan 32 yaşındaki bir erkek hastada, gerekli tedavilerin tamamlanmasından sonra kateterin çekilmesi aşamasında kateter koparak büyük bir kısmı hastanın venöz yapıları içinde kaldı. Posterior-anterior akciğer grafisinde yeri bulunan kateter, subklaviyan venden yapılan venotomi ile çıkarıldı.A 32-year-old male patient who was followed-up with a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was inserted a catheter into the left arm via cephalic vein cut-down in order to maintain parenteral nutrition and medical treatment. After the treatment, while the catheter was being removed, it was broken and a large part of it remained in the vessel. The catheter was located on a posteroanterior chest radiograph and removed by venotomy of the subclavian vein

Effect of maintenance hemodialysis on diastolic left ventricular function in end‐stage renal disease

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of maintenance hemodialysis on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with end-stage renal disease. METHODS: Study population consisted of 42 patients with end-stage renal disease. Before an arteriovenous fistula was surgically created, the patients were evaluated by conventional and Doppler echocardiography and Doppler tissue imaging. Then, the patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment when the arteriovenous fistula was compleated. After the first hemodialysis session (mean 76.14 ± 11.37 days) the second echocardiographic evaluations were performed. RESULTS: Mean age was 58 ± 13 years and 21 (%50) of the patients were female. After maintenance hemodialysis treatment; peak early (E) and peak late (A) diastolic mitral inflow velocities and E/A ratio were not significantly change however the deceleration time of E wave and left atrial diameter were significantly increased. Also there was no change in the early (Em) and late (Am) diastolic myocardial velocities and Em/Am ratios of lateral and septal walls of left ventricular. E/Em ratio was decreased insignificantly. Pulmonary vein velocities and right ventricular functions are remained almost unchanged after hemodialysis treatment. DISCUSSION: The acute and long-term effect of hemodialysis on left ventricular diastolic function is unclearly. Patients with end-stage renal disease treatment with hemodialysis via arteriovenous fistula experience a variety of hemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities that predispose to alterations in left and right ventricular functions. The present study showed that left ventricular diastolic function except left atrial diameter and right ventricular functions were not significantly change, however left ventricular systolic functions were impaired after maintenance hemodialysis treatment in patients with end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION: It has been suggested that echocardiographic parameters are useful markers for evaluation of left ventricular and right ventricular functions in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, in patients with endstage renal disease treated with hemodialysis, repeated assessment of echocardiographic examinations to observe serial changes in left and right ventricular functions are not yet well established. In this study, we showed that acute changes of volume status and electrolytes and autonomic regulation by hemodialysis session did not affect left ventricular diastolic and right ventricular functions in a relatively long term

Increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts persistent coronary no-flow after wire insertion in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVES: Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients presenting persistent no-flow after wire insertion have a lower survival rate despite successful mechanical intervention. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio has been associated with increased mortality and worse clinical outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. We hypothesized that an elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio would also be associated with a persistent Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade of 0 after wire insertion in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: A total of 644 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 12 hours of symptom onset were included in our study. Blood samples were drawn immediately upon hospital admission. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade: Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 0 after wire insertion, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 1-3 after wire insertion and Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 1-3 at baseline. RESULTS: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in the group with Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 0 after wire insertion compared with the group with Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 1-3 after wire insertion and the group with Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 1-3 at baseline. The group with Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 0 after wire insertion also had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate. Persistent coronary no-flow after wire insertion was independently associated with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. CONCLUSIONS: An increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on admission is significantly associated with persistent coronary no-flow after wire insertion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention