Fundamentos conceituais para abordagens de gestão da inovação em bibliotecas

The objective of this study is to highlight the key concepts and approaches to innovation. Identifying characteristics and relevant theoretical frameworks to future studies on innovation in libraries as organization predominantly public and non-profit. The main justification by the recognition of the importance of innovation in libraries and need to theoretical basis for the issue of development in the innovation management occurs predominantly in the manufacturing industry and related products. This is a theoretical essay, qualitative, conceptual and analytical nature. It is hoped the results of this study can contribute to the theoretical basis for the development of future studies on innovation in libraries.El objetivo del estudio es evidenciar los principales conceptos y abordajes sobre innovación para identificar las características y encuadramientos teóricos pertinentes para los estudios sobre innovación en bibliotecas como organizaciones predominantemente públicas y sin fines de lucro. El estudio se justifica por el reconocimiento de la importancia de la innovación en las bibliotecas y por la necesidad de fundamentación teórica para el desarrollo del tema en el ámbito de la gestión de la innovación cuya concentración se da predominantemente en la industria de manufactura y vinculada a los productos. Se trata de un ensayo teórico, de naturaleza cualitativa, conceptual y analítica. Se espera que los resultados de este estudio puedan contribuir en la fundamentação teórica para el desarrollo de estudios futuros sobre la innovación en bibliotecas.O objetivo do estudo é evidenciar os principais conceitos e abordagens sobre inovação para identificar as características e enquadramentos teóricos pertinentes aos estudos sobre inovação em Bibliotecas como organizações predominantemente públicas e sem fins lucrativos. Justifica-se pelo reconhecimento da importância da inovação nas Bibliotecas e pela necessidade de fundamentação teórica para o desenvolvimento do tema no âmbito da gestão da inovação cuja concentração se dá predominantemente na indústria de manufatura e relacionada a produtos. Trata-se de um ensaio teórico, de natureza qualitativa, conceitual e analítica. Espera-se com os resultados deste estudo possam contribuir na fundamentação teórica para o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros sobre a inovação em Bibliotecas

Simulação do risco de deficit hídrico em regiões de expansão do cultivo de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil

The objective of this work was to determine the water deficit risk for sugarcane crop in different Brazilian regions, focusing on crop‑expansion regions. For that, the CSM‑Canegro model was used to simulate the 12‑month plant cane crop yield in 30 locations. From the estimated values for potential and attainable (without irrigation) yields, the water deficit risk classes were defined according to the climatic efficiency given by the ratio between these yields. The crop model simulated the effect of different soil types and planting dates on the yield, which made possible to characterize the water deficit risk associated to the crop. The region with the highest risk is Petrolina, state of Pernanbuco, whereas the regions with the lowest risk are those similar to Recife, state of Pernanbuco, and Araguaína, state of Tocantins.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o risco de deficit hídrico para a cultura da cana‑de‑açúcar em diferentes regiões brasileiras, com foco nas áreas de expansão. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo CSM‑Canegro, para simular a produtividade da cana‑planta de 12 meses, em 30 localidades. A partir dos valores estimados de produtividades potencial e atingível (produtividade sem irrigação), definiram-se as classes de risco de deficit hídrico de acordo com os níveis de eficiência climática, dada pela razão entre essas produtividades. O modelo simulou o efeito dos diferentes tipos de solo e datas de plantio sobre a produtividade, o que possibilitou caracterizar o risco de deficit hídrico associado à cultura. A região de maior risco é Petrolina, PE, enquanto as regiões de menor risco são as similares a Recife, PE, e Araguaína, TO

Construção e legitimação de modelo multicritério para gestão da inovação em bibliotecas

The objective of the study is to propose and legitimize with the library specialists of the southern region of Brazil a formal multicriteria model for the implementation of innovation management in libraries. The importance of this research is justified by the lack of empirical studies for the implementation of innovation management in libraries as well as the participation of decision makers in this process. Regarding methodological procedures, it is characterized by its qualitative, exploratory about the object of this study, makes use of the Mutiritary Methodology in Decision Support - Constructivist (MCDA-C). Finally, the Delphi technique was used to legitimates the proposed model, with the participation of librarian specialists/managers. The results pointed to the robustness of the theoretical model by agreement with 40 elements and alerted to 2 critical points

Construção e legitimação de modelo multicritério para gestão da inovação em bibliotecas

The objective of the study is to propose and legitimize with the library specialists of the southern region of Brazil a formal multicriteria model for the implementation of innovation management in libraries. The importance of this research is justified by the lack of empirical studies for the implementation of innovation management in libraries as well as the participation of decision makers in this process. Regarding methodological procedures, it is characterized by its qualitative, exploratory about the object of this study, makes use of the Mutiritary Methodology in Decision Support - Constructivist (MCDA-C). Finally, the Delphi technique was used to legitimates the proposed model, with the participation of librarian specialists/managers. The results pointed to the robustness of the theoretical model by agreement with 40 elements and alerted to 2 critical points

Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions in grazing systems through nitrification inhibitors: a meta-analysis

Grasslands are the largest contributor of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the agriculture sector due to livestock excreta and nitrogen fertilizers applied to the soil. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) added to N input have reduced N2O emissions, but can show a range of efficiencies depending on climate, soil, and management conditions. A meta-analysis study was conducted to investigate the factors that influence the efficiency of NIs added to fertilizer and excreta in reducing N2O emissions, focused on grazing systems. Data from peer-reviewed studies comprising 2164 N2O emission factors (EFs) of N inputs with and without NIs addition were compared. The N2O EFs varied according to N source (0.0001-8.25%). Overall, NIs reduced the N2O EF from N addition by 56.6% (51.1-61.5%), with no difference between NI types (Dicyandiamide-DCD; 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate-DMPP; and Nitrapyrin) or N source (urine, dung, slurry, and fertilizer). The NIs were more efficient in situations of high N2O emissions compared with low; the reduction was 66.0% when EF > 1.5% of N applied compared with 51.9% when EF 10 kg ha(-1). NIs were less efficient in urine with lower N content (<= 7 g kg(-1)). NI efficiency was negatively correlated with soil bulk density, and positively correlated with soil moisture and temperature. Better understanding and management of NIs can optimize N2O mitigation in grazing systems, e.g., by mapping N2O risk and applying NI at variable rate, contributing to improved livestock sustainability

When enough should be enough: Improving the use of current agricultural lands could meet production demands and spare natural habitats in Brazil

Providing food and other products to a growing human population while safeguarding natural ecosystems and the provision of their services is a significant scientific, social and political challenge. With food demand likely to double over the next four decades, anthropization is already driving climate change and is the principal force behind species extinction, among other environmental impacts. The sustainable intensification of production on current agricultural lands has been suggested as a key solution to the competition for land between agriculture and natural ecosystems. However, few investigations have shown the extent to which these lands can meet projected demands while considering biophysical constraints. Here we investigate the improved use of existing agricultural lands and present insights into avoiding future competition for land. We focus on Brazil, a country projected to experience the largest increase in agricultural production over the next four decades and the richest nation in terrestrial carbon and biodiversity. Using various models and climatic datasets, we produced the first estimate of the carrying capacity of Brazil's 115 million hectares of cultivated pasturelands. We then investigated if the improved use of cultivated pasturelands would free enough land for the expansion of meat, crops, wood and biofuel, respecting biophysical constraints (i.e., terrain, climate) and including climate change impacts. We found that the current productivity of Brazilian cultivated pasturelands is 32–34% of its potential and that increasing productivity to 49–52% of the potential would suffice to meet demands for meat, crops, wood products and biofuels until at least 2040, without further conversion of natural ecosystems. As a result up to 14.3 Gt CO2 Eq could be mitigated. The fact that the country poised to undergo the largest expansion of agricultural production over the coming decades can do so without further conversion of natural habitats provokes the question whether the same can be true in other regional contexts and, ultimately, at the global scale