The View of Blood Vengeance in Medieval Norwegian Sources

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The position of the individual gods and goddesses in various types of sources - with special reference to the female divinities

In the written sources the gods are arranged in a patriarchal family structure with Odin on the top.  If we try to rank the gods in order of precedence on the basis of the number of instances in the toponymic material, Odin would be found a good way down the list. Generally, we should expect gods connected with the cult of fertility and the agricultural society to be overrepresented in the toponymic material in comparison with a god of war. If we consider our literary sources and ask which of the goddesses' names are most frequently used as basic words in kenningar for women, we see that many of the more "unknown" goddesses are very well represented in this material. In the toponymic material, it was the leading goddess who was considered to be the leading god's wife, but not necessarily. Both Frigg and Freyja belong to the type of fertility goddess

Wave breaking in KdV equations with higher nonlinearity

The undular bore is a wave propagating in shallow water, often resulting from tidal forces that cause a slight change in the wave heights. Favre (1935) did a physical experiment where an undular bore was created and he discovered that the leading wave was breaking when the ratio between the height of the wave above the initial water height and the initial water height exceeded 0.281. He referred to this ratio as the bore strength. This study numerically simulated an undular bore in dimensions and physical assumptions approximating the experiment of Favre to find the threshold for breaking. The nonlinear, dis- persive KdV equation and two extensions of the KdV equation, which we called the eKdV equation and the eeKdV equation, based on the work of Norevik and Kalisch (2022), were utilised to produce the undular bore solutions and the solitary wave solutions. Moreover, the eKdV equation was evaluated with an addition of a background shear flow to analyse if this could improve the result further. The aim was to find an equation that models the breaking of undular bores. The convective breaking criterion was applied on the numerical simulations of the undular bore, where the equation gave a good approximation on undular bore breaking if the bore strength was close to the bore strength found by Favre (1935). The higher-order eKdV and eeKdV equations experienced breaking with a higher bore strength compared to the KdV equation, while the eKdV equation with background vorticity exhibited breaking with an even lower bore strength than the KdV equation. Unfortunately, none of the equations had a lower bore strength than the one achieved by Bjørnestad et al. (2021)Masteroppgåve i anvend og utrekningsorientert matematikkMAB399MAMN-MA

Shipping Container Impact with Bridge Girders

Aluminium bridge decks have been proposed as alternatives to traditional steel bridge decks. These girders can meet all design criteria for bridges and have the advantages of low density and high corrosion resistance. Regardless of girder material, one critical issue in bridge design is to ensure the safety of bridge girders under accidental ship collisions. Such collision accidents can occur in earthquake or tsunami inundation, due to ship maneuvering errors or mechanical failures. The bridge girder strength against ship collision load should be carefully checked to avoid large local damage in the impacted region and further degradation of global bridge safety. Some studies have been conducted for ship deckhouse and forecastle impacts with bridge girders. However, bridge decks are also under the impact of stacked shipping containers from cargo ships. Considering the lower elastic modulus and ductility of aluminium material compared with steel, aluminium bridge girders may be more vulnerable to collision loads. The thesis work is divided in two parts. The first aims to numerically investigate the local structural response of bridge girders under shipping container impacts for steel and aluminium girders. FE- Models of a bridge section and a 20 ft standard shipping container are developed in LS-DYNA. The strain rate effect of the aluminium girder is investigated. The impact force, structural damage, and energy dissipation during the collision are compared for both materials. The effects of impact angle and vertical location are also discussed. The second part of the work aims to numerically investigate the global response of the bridge by using the obtained force-displacement relationship from the shipping container impact. A global model has been built in Orcaflex. Eigenmodes, moments about the strong and weak axis as well as bridge motions have been discussed. The conclusions from the local analysis (published as an article) were that strain rate had a minor effect on the investigated aluminium alloy. In addition, a significant reduction of contact force was observed for the aluminium girder due to local fracture leading to larger dissipation of strain energy. For some head-on collision scenarios, the girder material seemingly plays a lesser role as long as the stiffness is sufficient to redistribute the impact force over a larger area. The majority of energy dissipation was observed in the shipping containers. For the global analysis, there was significant development of strong axis bending moment and the dynamic displacement was less than expected. The period of the motions post-impact was close to one of the eigen-periods. It should be stated that the modal analysis did not correlate satisfactorily with the NPRA’s existing reports, which would question the validity of results in this part

Using Banded Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Density to Estimate Damage and Economic Distance in Oilseed Sunflower

The banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important economic pest of sunflower in the Upper Great Plains of North America. Economic losses due to reductions in seed number, weight, and quality can be significant. Previously, the potential for economic losses were estimated by sampling for adult moths. However, sampling for moths can be difficult and inaccurate. An alternative is to sample for banded sunflower moth eggs, which can be accurately counted in the field by using a binocular 3.5 headband magnifier. The egg counts are used to calculate the economic injury level (EIL): EIL = C/(V×W×P×K), where C is the cost of treatment per unit area, V is the crop market value per unit of weight, W is the slope of the regression between banded sunflower moth egg densities and weight loss per plant, P is a term for plant population per unit area, and K is the control treatment efficacy. Estimates of populations of banded sunflower moth eggs are taken from the center of 400-m spans along all field sides. From these samples and the calculated EIL, a map of the extent of the economically damaging banded sunflower moth population throughout the field is made using economic distance; ED = e(((EIL/E) – 1.458)/–0.262). Economic distance estimates the distance an economic population extends into the field interior along a transect from the sampling site. By using egg samples to calculate the EIL and mapping the distribution of economic populations throughout a field, producers can then make more effective pest management decisions

Search for the Associated Production of Charginos and Neutralinos in Proton-Antiproton Collisions at √s = 1.96 TeV with the DØ Detector at the Tevatron

A search for Supersymmetry is performed via the associated production of charginos and neutralinos in final states consisting of three charged leptons and missing transverse energy using data collected with the \Dzero\ detector at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96~TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $\sim$ 2.3 fb$^{-1}$. This final state is considered one of the most promising channels in the search for supersymmetric particles because of its low Standard Model background. A dedicated event selection is developed and events with two muons plus an additional isolated track or events with two electrons plus an additional isolated track are analyzed. The requirement of an isolated track replaces the third charged lepton in the event. After all selection cuts are applied, in total 7 events are selected in the data with an expected number of background events of 5.24$\pm$0.40~(stat)$\pm$0.30~(syst). Due to the good agreement of events observed in data with the expectation of the Standard Model backgrounds, no evidence for Supersymmetry is found. The present analyses are considered in combination with three other decay channels and limits on the production cross section times leptonic branching fraction are set. The results are interpreted in a constrained scenario and exclusion regions are derived as a function of $m_0$ and $m_{1/2}$

Determinants of Private Equity Exit Strategies: An Empirical Study of the Nordic Private Equity Market

This thesis seeks to uncover the determinants of private equity (PE) exit strategies in the Nordics by examining the three most common exit routes available to PE firms: secondary buyouts (SBOs), initial public offerings (IPOs) and trade sales. Based on data received by Argentum, we construct a unique sample containing PE firm and fund characteristics, portfolio company characteristics and market conditions for 525 Nordic buyouts between 2008–2021. We find evidence of PE funds capitalizing on “windows of opportunities” by exiting through IPOs in hot stock markets to cash in on their investments at presumably higher valuations, which is consistent with previous research. Second, we find evidence that the purchasing buyout fund participating in an SBO singles out companies with better operating performance who exceed other companies in coping with higher levels of debt. Third, the probability of exiting through an SBO relative to an IPO tends to increase as the fund approaches maturity, highlighting the attractiveness of an SBO: it often achieves a high price, with low transaction risk and the shortest delay in receiving the proceeds. There is no evidence suggesting that the increasing amount of committed, but unallocated, capital leads to a relative increase in SBOs or that PE funds closer to maturity tend to exit through SBOs when investments are made late in the fund’s life cycle. These two findings are particularly intriguing as it contradicts the claims made by PE critics of asset flipping and SBOs being “pass-the-parcel” deals for managers willing to exploit PE funds’ fee structures. Furthermore, older companies with lower revenues and better asset utilization have a significantly higher probability of being exited through a trade sale, possibly illustrating thirdparty buyers’ preferences in pursuing more mature companies relative to the preferences of PE funds. In line with several studies, we also find that IPOs appear to be the preferred exit choice for PE funds exiting larger portfolio companies. Last, we find no evidence regarding the impact of favorable credit markets or higher information asymmetry on the choice of exit channel.nhhma

Using Banded Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Egg Density to Estimate Damage and Economic Distance in Oilseed Sunflower

The banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important economic pest of sunflower in the Upper Great Plains of North America. Economic losses due to reductions in seed number, weight, and quality can be significant. Previously, the potential for economic losses were estimated by sampling for adult moths. However, sampling for moths can be difficult and inaccurate. An alternative is to sample for banded sunflower moth eggs, which can be accurately counted in the field by using a binocular 3.5 headband magnifier. The egg counts are used to calculate the economic injury level (EIL): EIL = C/(V×W×P×K), where C is the cost of treatment per unit area, V is the crop market value per unit of weight, W is the slope of the regression between banded sunflower moth egg densities and weight loss per plant, P is a term for plant population per unit area, and K is the control treatment efficacy. Estimates of populations of banded sunflower moth eggs are taken from the center of 400-m spans along all field sides. From these samples and the calculated EIL, a map of the extent of the economically damaging banded sunflower moth population throughout the field is made using economic distance; ED = e(((EIL/E) – 1.458)/–0.262). Economic distance estimates the distance an economic population extends into the field interior along a transect from the sampling site. By using egg samples to calculate the EIL and mapping the distribution of economic populations throughout a field, producers can then make more effective pest management decisions

Lasse Christian Arboe Sonne: Thor-kult i vikingtiden. Historiske studier i vikingetidens religion

Denne boka om kulten av guden Tor i vikingtida er ei revidert utgåve av ei PhD-avhandling som Lasse Christian Arboe Sonne forsvarte ved Københavns Universitet våren 2011.   Sonne  tek utgangspunkt i ei preike frå slutten av 900-talet av den engelske abbeden Ælfric der han kjem med den kommentaren at Tor var den av gudane danane elska høgst. Som Sonne påpeikar, tilhøyrer verbet elska nok kristen terminologi, men det spelar i Sonnes kontekst mindre rolle. Ælfrics kommentar gjev uansett grunn til å tru at kulten av Tor stod sentralt mellom danane i England. Sonne problematiserer i liten grad om denne sentrale rolla til Tor utan vidare kan overførast til alle dei nordiske områda der Tor var dyrka. Det burde kanskje ha vore drøfta sidan populariteten til ein gud truleg også ville ha innverknad på dei former kulten tok. Sonne kjem rett nok så vidt inn på mogeleg geografisk, sosial og kronologisk variasjon i kulten avslutningsvis i avhandlinga, men utan at dette vert knytt til mogeleg variasjon i popularitet innanfor det nordiske området