A bipartite transcription factor module controlling expression in the bundle sheath of Arabidopsis thaliana.

C4 photosynthesis evolved repeatedly from the ancestral C3 state, improving photosynthetic efficiency by ~50%. In most C4 lineages, photosynthesis is compartmented between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, but how gene expression is restricted to these cell types is poorly understood. Using the C3 model Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified cis-elements and transcription factors driving expression in bundle sheath strands. Upstream of the bundle sheath preferentially expressed MYB76 gene, we identified a region necessary and sufficient for expression containing two cis-elements associated with the MYC and MYB families of transcription factors. MYB76 expression is reduced in mutant alleles for these transcription factors. Moreover, downregulated genes shared by both mutants are preferentially expressed in the bundle sheath. Our findings are broadly relevant for understanding the spatial patterning of gene expression, provide specific insights into mechanisms associated with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis and identify a short tuneable sequence for manipulating gene expression in the bundle sheath.ERC BBSR

The Australian Wage System and Its Labor Market Effects

In Australia, quasi-judicial conciliation and arbitration tribunals set the terms and conditions under which the majority of employees work. Many commentators maintain that the activities of these tribunals have significantly affected the county's labor market and the operation of the economy. This paper outlines the distinguishing characteristics of Australia's wage determination system and reviews the research concerning its labor market consequences. Recent evidence suggests that critics of the system may have overstated their case

Systematic analysis of YFP traps reveals common mRNA/protein discordance in neural tissues

While post-transcriptional control is thought to be required at the periphery of neurons and glia, its extent is unclear. Here, we investigate systematically the spatial distribution and expression of mRNA at single molecule sensitivity and their corresponding proteins of 200 YFP trap lines across the intact Drosophila nervous system. 97.5% of the genes studied showed discordance between the distribution of mRNA and the proteins they encode in at least one region of the nervous system. These data suggest that post-transcriptional regulation is very common, helping to explain the complexity of the nervous system. We also discovered that 68.5% of these genes have transcripts present at the periphery of neurons, with 9.5% at the glial periphery. Peripheral transcripts include many potential new regulators of neurons, glia, and their interactions. Our approach is applicable to most genes and tissues and includes powerful novel data annotation and visualization tools for post transcriptional regulation.Acknowledgments. We are very grateful to the Bloomington, Vienna, and Kyoto Drosophila Stock Centres (fly stocks), Flybase and Flymine (Lyne et al., 2007) for their reagents and open data, which were invaluable to this work. We are grateful to David Ish-Horowicz, Alfredo Castello, and members of the Davis laboratory for critical reading of the manuscript and feedback on the project. We thank Zegami Ltd. for their help, advice, and hosting the collection. This work was generously supported by a Wellcome Senior Research Fellowship (096144) and Wellcome Investigator Award (209412) to I. Davis, which funded A.I. Jarvelin, R.M. Parton, J.S. Titlow, and M.K. Thompson. Advanced microscopy facilities and technical advice as well as support to D.M. Susano Pinto were provided by Micron Oxford (https://micronoxford.com), supported by Wellcome Strategic Awards (091911 and 107457) and a Medical Research Council/Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council next-generation imaging award to I. Davis as the principal investigator. J.S. Titlolw and M.K. Thompson were supported by a Leverhulme Trust grant to I. Davis. Department of Biochemistry DPhil studentships supported J.Y. Lee and D.S. Gala. M. Kiourlappou was supported by the Biotechnology and Biosciences Research Council, grant numbers: BB/M011224/1 and BB/S507623/1, by A.G. Leventis Foundation, and by Zegami Ltd