ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. (EECM) on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: The ethanolic extract of leaves of Citrus maxima (Burm.)Merr.(EECM) was prepared by percolation method. Pathological isolates Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Assam Medical College & Hospital. Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the Kirby-Bauer method. The whatman-1 filter paper discs of 6mm sizes impregnated with the plant extract were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar plates seeded with bacterial cultures of 0.5 Mc Farland standards. The antibacterial activities were assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zones after incubating the plates at 370c for 24 hours. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of EECM for the selected pathogens were determined by broth macrodilution method. Results: Maximum zone of inhibition in antibacterial susceptibility test was shown by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MIC value of the extract for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.312mg/ml) was found to be lower than Escherichia coli but MBC value (1.25mg/ml) was found to be the same for both the bacteria. Conclusion: The plant extract of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, MIC, MBC, Citrus maxima

Tetracoordinate Imidazole-Based Boron Complexes for the Selective Detection of Picric Acid

<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylamine and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diphenylamine-decorated highly fluorescent imidazole borates have been synthesized and investigated as new fluorophores for the selective detection of trinitrophenol/picric acid (PA). Structural studies of a probe <b>1</b> and PA (<b>1·PA</b>) complex revealed that the adduct formed by the deprotonation of PA by the −NMe₂ group along with weak interactions is responsible for the selective detection of PA over other polynitrated organic compounds

Tetracoordinate Imidazole-Based Boron Complexes for the Selective Detection of Picric Acid

<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylamine and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diphenylamine-decorated highly fluorescent imidazole borates have been synthesized and investigated as new fluorophores for the selective detection of trinitrophenol/picric acid (PA). Structural studies of a probe <b>1</b> and PA (<b>1·PA</b>) complex revealed that the adduct formed by the deprotonation of PA by the −NMe₂ group along with weak interactions is responsible for the selective detection of PA over other polynitrated organic compounds

I‑MR Control Chart: A Tool for Judging the Health of the Current Manufacturing Process of an API and for Setting the Trial Control Limits in Phase I of the Process Improvement

It has been observed that the main focus during the process development and manufacturing of an API is to meet the customer’s specifications (LSL and USL) rather than estimating and improving the natural control limits (LCL and UCL) of the process. It results in the overlap of the natural control limit and customer’s specification, which in turn increases the chance of failure with respect to the customer’s specifications. A better approach is to work on decreasing the variability of the process so that natural control limits become much tighter than customer’s specification. The statistical control charts not only help in estimating these internal/natural control limits but also raises an alert when the process goes out of control. These alerts trigger the investigation through root cause analysis leading to the process improvements which in turn lead to the decrease in variability of the process. This process continues till inherent variability of the process is due to common causes only and cannot be attributed to assignable causes. At this point, the natural control limits of the process can be taken as internal specification for an output quality parameter