Empleo de la geoestadística para el estudio de la distribución de radiación fotosintéticamente activa (PAR) en invernaderos con distinto tipo de techo en el norte de la Patagonia

La productividad bajo invernadero depende de la cantidad de radiación PAR recibida. En zonas de mayor latitud el ángulo de incidencia del sol y las características constructivas influyen en la cantidad y distribución de la luz dentro del recinto. Se estudió la variación de PAR dentro de dos invernaderos (techo parabólico y capilla) empleando la técnica geoestadística. Se recolectaron datos de PAR en plena temporada de cultivo sobre una grilla de puntos a 1m en sentido norte-sur y 11,4 m (semiparabólico) y 11,8 m (capilla) en este-oeste. Se calculó la transmitancia (PAR interna/PAR externa)en cada punto. Se ajustó un modelo esférico para la construcción del semivariograma, se realizó el krigeado y se obtuvo el mapa de distribución espacial de PAR y transmitancia mediante el programa GS+ Geostatistical for the Environmental Sciencies (vs.5). La construcción de semivariogramas reveló que aunque no se registren diferencias de los niveles de transmitancia entre invernaderos, bajo el tipo capilla existe mejor distribución de PAR y mayor superficie con mayor nivel de radiación.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Efectos de la ola de calor sobre la vaca Holando argentina en el Módulo Tambo de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNR/Effects of heat waves on lactating Argentinian Holstein cows in the Dairy Module, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNR

The objective of this work was to study blood parameters in dairy cattle during heat waves. The study was carried out during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 summer sea­sons in the Dairy Module at the College of Ag­ricultural Sciences, located in Zavalla (33°1´S, 60°53´O), in the south of the province of Santa Fe. Levels of creatinine, urea, total protein, se­rum albumin, as well as haematocrit, leukocyte count, and lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio were determined in blood samples collected from ten lactating second- and third- lactation cows during hot waves. The time of occurrence and length of heat waves were determined using the temperature-humidity index (THI), calculated with weather data from the Zavalla Agro mete­orology Station, which belongs to the National Weather Service network and to INTA (National Institute of Agricultural Technology). The mini­mum and maximum levels of creatinine (0.87 and 1.33 mg/100mL, respectively) remained within normal values compared to standard reference ranges. Slight increases in total pro­tein (6.07 to 9.16 g/100mL) and serum albumin (2.83 to 3.99 g/100mL) occurred when the ITH peaked at 76 during the January heat wave. Urea levels were consistently high in all mea­surements (17.41-70.95 mg/100mL). Leukocyte levels were always above normal ranges, with a marked decrease in the lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio (57 to 36) during the last heat wave of Ja­nuary. Haematocrit levels presented a decrease (32.09% to 29.92%) characteristic of chronic stress. Our results show that heat waves have a negative effect on the blood parameters of Argentinian Holstein cows in ZavallaNuestro objetivo fue estudiar parámetros sanguíneos en bovinos de leche durante las olas de calor. El estudio se realizó en el Módulo Tambo de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias situada en la localidad de Zavalla (33º1'S, 60º53'O), sur de Santa Fe, durante las estaciones de verano 2011-2012 y 2012-2013. Se seleccionaron 10 vacas en ordeñe de 2º y 3º lactancia; se determinaron los niveles de creatinina, urea, proteínas totales y albúmina,hematocrito, recuento de leucocitos y cociente linfocitos/neutrófilos en muestras de sangre en coincidencia con olas de calor. A fin de determinar las olas de calor en el período estudiado se calculó el Indice Temperatura Humedad (ITH) basado en los registros meteorológicos de la Estación Agrometeorológica de Zavalla perteneciente a la red del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional y del INTA. Los resultados, contrastados con valores de referencia, mostraron que los valores mínimos y máximos de la creatinina (0,87-1,33 mg/100mL) se mantuvieron dentro de rangos normales; hubo un ligero aumento de las proteínas totales (6,07-9,16 g/100mL) y de albúmina (2,83-3,99 g/100mL) cuando el ITH alcanzó el máximo en las olas de calor de enero (76). La uremia (17,41-70,95 mg/100mL)presentó valores elevados sostenidos durante todas las mediciones; los leucocitos siempre estuvieron por encima de los valores normales destacándose en la última ola de calor de enero un marcado descenso en la relación linfocitos/ neutrófilos (57/36). Asimismo, en el período estival 2011-2012 se observó una disminución del hematocrito (de 32,09% a 29,92%) cuando el ITH alcanzó un valor de 80. Las alteraciones registradas demuestran que las olas de calor tienen un efecto negativo sobre los parámetros sanguíneos de las vacas Holando argentino en la localidad de Zavalla DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/cienvet2014161

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Identification of bovine healthy carrier of Babesia bigemina (Smith & Kilborne, 1893) through the technique of polimerase chain reaction of the polimerase - PCR

Bovine babesiose is a disease caused by the hemoprotozoa Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina that is transmitted by the Boophilus microplus tick. It is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in bovine herds, causing important economic losses for the beef and dairy industry. In the present study the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated as method of diagnosis of bovine healthy carrier of Babesia bigemina. The experiment was conducted in the laboratories of Animal Genetics and Hemoparasitology at Embrapa South Livestock (Bagé/RS). Nine sensitive cows, without any previous contact with the hemoparasite, were inoculated with B. bigemina and the clinical infection was confirmed by parasitism detected in the blood smear. Nine months after the experimental infection, the animals no longer presented any clinical sign and blood parasitism, the PCR technique was able to demonstrated that 66% of experimental infected cows remains carriers after the inoculation, the infection was also confirmed by the presence of antibodies anti-B.bigemina by indirect immunofluorescence technique. In order to confirm the sub-clinical infection nine splenectomized calves was subiinoculated with blood from the experimentally infected cows, where 44,4% of this calves showed clinical signs and blood parasitism, confirming the healthy carriers status of experimental infected cows. The results of this study suggested that the polymerase chain reaction technique can be used as diagnosis tool to identify healthy carriers of the B. bigemina.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESA babesiose bovina é uma doença causada pelos hemoprotozoários Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina transmitidos pelo carrapato Boophilus microplus. A enfermidade é responsável por alta morbidade e mortalidade nos rebanhos e conseqüentemente por importantes prejuízos econômicos na pecuária de corte e leite. No presente estudo foi avaliada a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase como método de diagnóstico em bovinos portadores sadios de Babesia bigemina. O experimento foi realizado na Embrapa Pecuária Sul (Bagé/RS) nos laboratórios de Genética Animal e Hemoparasitologia. Este estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando nove vacas sensíveis, sem contato prévio com hemoparasitas, as quais foram inoculadas com B. bigemina e a infecção clínica comprovada pela parasitemia patente. Nove meses após a inoculação, quando os animais já não apresentavam qualquer sinal clínico ou laboratorial de infecção a não ser a presença de anticorpos específicos anti-B. bigemina, constatados através da IFI, o estado de portador sadio das nove vacas foi comprovado em 66,6% das mesmas pela técnica de PCR. Como contraprova, foram utilizados nove terneiros sensíveis e esplenectomizados como receptores das nove vacas no processo de subinoculação, sendo que 44,4% dos terneiros apresentaram sinais clínicos e parasitemia patente, comprovando o estado de portador sadio das vacas. A partir dos resultados foi possível concluir que a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase pode ser utilizada como diagnóstico em animais portadores sadios de B. bigemina