Community Law on rural development under the challenge of the priorities of European Union and International Law

[EN] This article analyzes rural development policy in the EU over the last decade, from the point of view of legal regulation. The current structure and system of rural development, as well as modifications and adjustments produced on it to meet new challenges and EU priorities for the future are studied. In particular, it deals with the analysis of the overall reform in place of the law on rural development support and the 2011 proposal for a new Regulation on the matter. The aim of the paper also deals with the various methods for the protection of the values represented by intangible cultural heritage and the interaction and the special relationship between the Convention and other international instruments, particularly its influence on the rules of the WTO and CAP as agricultural policy that is more integrated policy for all EU policies, whose importance is revealed, likewise, the percentage of the budget which accounts for the EU, which is 40%. The figure shows the importance of its goals, specifically, as the last document in Brussels, COM (2010) 672 final-on the challenges of the CAP for 2014-2020 - in ensuring food security, compliance environmental commitments and rural development, this is achieved by legal instruments such as direct payments and market management, in any case, the ultimate objective is the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. These same values are present in the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, how could it be otherwise, since agriculture is the source of local traditions and social identity, which is trying to promote and maintain the Convention, as a catalyst and control of the processes of globalization and social transformation, as the wealth is cultural diversity. In this way we analyze the various legal means afforded by the Convention and the list of intangible heritage, and therefore, their specific contributions to the protection of the environment or environmental policies, and their influence on rural development, with aim of highlighting its special compared to other international instruments and their complementarityAmat Llombart, P.; Muñiz-Espada, E. (2012). Community Law on rural development under the challenge of the priorities of European Union and International Law. Internacional Journal of Land Law and Agricultural Science. (7):70-95. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/110304S7095

Orientalism in 19th century photography. The experience of the travel to the East

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Bellas Artes, leída el 04/12/2020La presente investigación aborda el tema del orientalismo en la fotografía del siglo XIX, en relación con la teoría del orientalismo desarrollada a partir de las investigaciones de Edward W. Said y de los estudios postcolonialistas. A través de las imágenes fotográficas se pretende crear un relato que recoja las claves iconográficas e interpretativas de ese periodo y a sus actores protagonistas: los fotógrafos que viajaron hacia Oriente Próximo y Andalucía entre 1839 y 1900 a la búsqueda de una experiencia propia de viaje y aventura. Consecuentemente, se establece un enfoque metodológico que supone una de las principales aportaciones del presente estudio realizado, al no existir, en lengua castellana, investigaciones similares. La primera parte del trabajo introduce la noción de orientalismo y desarrolla un marco teórico en el que se analiza la evolución del término en su aplicación al estudio de la fotografía. Consciente de la existencia de una definición confusa del término fotografía orientalista, se analizan otras terminologías propuestas. También se estudia la recepción de las primeras imágenes fotográficas de Oriente en Europa, la influencia del orientalismo en la pintura y la literatura de viajes del siglo XIX, la evolución del viaje a Oriente a partir del grand tour y su transformación en la práctica del turismo. La segunda parte analiza el tema de la fotografía del siglo XIX en Oriente Próximo y la experiencia del viaje. Se toma en consideración las experiencias de los daguerrotipistas, calotipistas y fotógrafos del colodión en sus viajes a Oriente Próximo. Se analiza la evolución de la práctica fotográfica desde los pioneros hasta el desarrollo de los grandes estudios profesionales, tanto locales como extranjeros. La tercera parte está dedicada a la fotografía del siglo XIX en Andalucía, considerada un Oriente cercano, y a su relación con el orientalismo. Al igual que sucedía en la segunda parte, en esta se contextualiza la noción del orientalismo en el ámbito andaluz mediante un análisis de relatos y descripciones de intelectuales extranjeros y españoles del siglo XIX, el desarrollo del turismo en Andalucía y la experiencia del viaje de los fotógrafos extranjeros: daguerrotipistas, calotipistas y fotógrafos del colodión. También se estudian ejemplos de estudios fotográficos, locales y extranjeros...This research addresses the issue of orientalism in 19th century photography, in relation to the theory of orientalism developed from the research of Edward W. Said and postcolonial studies. The aim of the photographic images is to create a story that gathers the iconographic and interpretive keys of that period and its leading actors: the photographers who traveled to the Middle East and Andalusia between 1839 and 1900 in search of their own travel and adventure experience. Consequently, a methodological approach is established that supposes one of the main contributions of the present study, as there is no similar research made in Spanish language. The first part of the work introduces the notion of orientalism and develops a theoretical framework in which the evolution of the term in its application to the study of photography is analyzed. Aware of the existence of a confusing definition of the term orientalist photography, other proposed terminologies are analyzed. The reception of the first photographic images of the Orient in Europe, the influence of orientalism in the painting and travel literature of the 19th century, the evolution of the trip to Orient from the grand tour and its transformation in the practice of tourism are also studied. The second part analyzes the theme of 19th century photography in the Middle East and the travel experience. The experiences daguerreotypists, calotypists, and collodion photographers are taken into account in their travels to the Middle East. The evolution of photographic practice is analyzed from the pioneers to the development of large professional studios, both local and foreign. The third part is dedicated to 19th century photography in Andalusia, considered a Near East, and its relationship with orientalism. As happened in the second part, in this the notion of orientalism in the Andalusian context is contextualized by means of an analysis of stories and descriptions of foreign and Spanish intellectuals of the 19th century, the development of tourism in Andalusia and the travel experience of the foreign photographers: daguerreotypists, colotypists and collodion photographers. Examples of photographic, local and foreign studies are also studied...Fac. de Bellas ArtesTRUEunpu

Layered copper-metallated covalent organic frameworks for huisgen reactions

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous materials formed through condensation reactions of organic molecules via the formation of dynamic covalent bonds. Among COFs, those based on imine and β-ketoenamine linkages offer an excellent platform for binding metallic species such as copper to design efficient heterogeneous catalysts. In this work, imine- and β-ketoenamine-based COF materials were modified with catalytic copper sites following a metallation method, which favored the formation of binding amine defects. The obtained copper-metallated COF materials were tested as heterogeneous catalysts for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, resulting in high yields and recyclabilityThis work was supported by PID2019-106268GB-C32 and RTI2018-096138-A-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033 and EUR2020-112294 funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR. A.E.P.-P. and F.Z. acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, through the “María de Maeztu” Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (CEX2018-000805-M). A.E.P.-P. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC2018-024328-I). The authors acknowledge beamline P02.1 at DESY (proposal I 20190208 EC), a member of the Helmholtz Association (HGF). They thank Dr. Michael Wharmby for his assistance during the experiment at P02.1. The research leading to this result has been supported by the project CALIPSOplus under the Grant Agreement 730872 from the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. I.R.-M. acknowledges an FPI-UAM 2019 fellowship from Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. P.A. acknowledges the financial support from “Ayudas para Contratos Predoctorales para la Formación de Doctores” Program of MINECO (Grant BES-2017-070838

Molecular Identification from AFM Images Using the IUPAC Nomenclature and Attribute Multimodal Recurrent Neural Networks

Spectroscopic methods like nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and UV/visible spectroscopies applied to molecular ensembles have so far been the workhorse for molecular identification. Here, we propose a radically different chemical characterization approach, based on the ability of noncontact atomic force microscopy with metal tips functionalized with a CO molecule at the tip apex (referred as HRAFM) to resolve the internal structure of individual molecules. Our work demonstrates that a stack of constant-height HR-AFM images carries enough chemical information for a complete identification (structure and composition) of quasiplanar organic molecules, and that this information can be retrieved using machine learning techniques that are able to disentangle the contribution of chemical composition, bond topology, and internal torsion of the molecule to the HR-AFM contrast. In particular, we exploit multimodal recurrent neural networks (M-RNN) that combine convolutional neural networks for image analysis and recurrent neural networks to deal with language processing, to formulate the molecular identification as an imaging captioning problem. The algorithm is trained using a data set which contains almost 700,000 molecules and 165 million theoretical AFM images to produce as final output the IUPAC name of the imaged molecule. Our extensive test with theoretical images and a few experimental ones shows the potential of deep learning algorithms in the automatic identification of molecular compounds by AFM. This achievement supports the development of on-surface synthesis and overcomes some limitations of spectroscopic methods in traditional solution-based synthesisWe would like to acknowledge support from the Comunidad de Madrid Industrial Doctorate programme 2017 under reference number IND2017/IND7793 and from Quasar Science Resources S.L. P.P. and R.P. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, through project PID2020-115864RB-I00 and the “María de Maeztu” Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (CEX2018-000805-M). C.R.-M. acknowledges financial support by the Ramón y Cajal program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ref. RYC2021-031176-I). Computer time provided by the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) at the Finisterrae II Supercomputer is also acknowledge

Substrate-induced enhancement of the chemical reactivity in metal-supported graphene

Graphene is commonly regarded as an inert material. However, it is well known that the presence of defects or substitutional hetero-atoms confers graphene promising catalytic properties. In this work, we use first-principles calculations to show that it is also possible to enhance the chemical reactivity of a graphene layer by simply growing it on an appropriate substrate. Our comprehensive study demonstrates that, in strongly interacting substrates like Rh(111), graphene adopts highly rippled structures that exhibit areas with distinctive chemical behaviors. According to the local coupling with the substrate, we find areas with markedly different adsorption, dissociation and diffusion pathways for both molecular and atomic oxygen, including a significant change in the nature of the adsorbed molecular and dissociated states, and a dramatic reduction (∼60%) of the O2dissociation energy barrier with respect to free-standing graphene. Our results show that the graphene-metal interaction represents an additional and powerful handle to tailor the graphene chemical properties with potential applications to nano patterning, graphene functionalization and sensing devicesWe thank the financial support from the Spanish MINECO (projects MAT2014-54484-P, MDM-2014-0377, MAT2016-77852-C2-2-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and MAT2017-83273-R (AEI/FEDER,UE)). Computer time provided by the Spanish Supercomputer Network (RES) at the Magerit (CesViMa, Madrid) and Altamira (IFCA, Santander) supercomputers. CRM is grateful to the FPI-UAM graduate scholarship program and to Fundación Universia for financial suppor

A Tradeoff Analysis of a Cloud-Based Robot Navigation Assistant Using Stereo Image Processing

The use of Cloud Computing for computation offloading in the robotics area has become a field of interest today. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the viability of cloud offloading in a low level and intensive computing task: a vision-based navigation assistance of a service mobile robot. In order to do so, a prototype, running over a ROS-based mobile robot (Erratic by Videre Design LLC) is presented. The information extracted from on-board stereo cameras will be used by a private cloud platform consisting of five bare-metal nodes with AMD Phenom 965 4 CPU, with the cloud middleware Openstack Havana. The actual task is the shared control of the robot teleoperation, that is, the smooth filtering of the teleoperated commands with the detected obstacles to prevent collisions. All the possible offloading models for this case are presented and analyzed. Several performance results using different communication technologies and offloading models are explained as well. In addition to this, a real navigation case in a domestic circuit was done. The tests demonstrate that offloading computation to the Cloud improves the performance and navigation results with respect to the case where all processing is done by the robot.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2012-37868-C04-02/0

High-accuracy large-scale DFT calculations using localized orbitals in complex electronic systems: The case of graphene-metal interfaces

Over many years, computational simulations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) have been used extensively to study many different materials at the atomic scale. However, its application is restricted by system size, leaving a number of interesting systems without a high-accuracy quantum description. In this work, we calculate the electronic and structural properties of a graphene-metal system significantly larger than in previous plane-wave calculations with the same accuracy. For this task we use a localised basis set with the \textsc{Conquest} code, both in their primitive, pseudo-atomic orbital form, and using a recent multi-site approach. This multi-site scheme allows us to maintain accuracy while saving computational time and memory requirements, even in our exemplar complex system of graphene grown on Rh(111) with and without intercalated atomic oxygen. This system offers a rich scenario that will serve as a benchmark, demonstrating that highly accurate simulations in cells with over 3000 atoms are feasible with modest computational resources.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, submitted to J. Chem. Theor. Compu

The comparison of social inequalities between Europe and Latin America: theoretical and methodological assessments of a complex phenomenon

En este artículo se presenta un breve análisis de las contribuciones teóricas y empíricas que forman parte del presente dossier, enmarcándolas en las discusiones teóricas acerca de las desigualdades sociales y las comparaciones entre Europa y América Latina.In this article we present a brief analysis of the theoretical and empirical contributions included inthis dossier, framing them within a theory discusión about the social inequialities and the comparisons between Europe and América Latina.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

The comparison of social inequalities between Europe and Latin America: theoretical and methodological assessments of a complex phenomenon

En este artículo se presenta un breve análisis de las contribuciones teóricas y empíricas que forman parte del presente dossier, enmarcándolas en las discusiones teóricas acerca de las desigualdades sociales y las comparaciones entre Europa y América Latina.In this article we present a brief analysis of the theoretical and empirical contributions included inthis dossier, framing them within a theory discusión about the social inequialities and the comparisons between Europe and América Latina.Fil: Muñiz Terra, Leticia Magali. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Molina Derteano, Pablo Federico. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin