Direct surface analysis coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry reveals heterogeneous composition of the cuticle of Hibiscus trionum petals.

Plant cuticle, which is the outermost layer covering the aerial parts of all plants including petals and leaves, can present a wide range of patterns that, combined with cell shape, can generate unique physical, mechanical, or optical properties. For example, arrays of regularly spaced nanoridges have been found on the dark (anthocyanin-rich) portion at the base of the petals of Hibiscus trionum. Those ridges act as a diffraction grating, producing an iridescent effect. Because the surface of the distal white region of the petals is smooth and noniridescent, a selective chemical characterization of the surface of the petals on different portions (i.e., ridged vs smooth) is needed to understand whether distinct cuticular patterns correlate with distinct chemical compositions of the cuticle. In the present study, a rapid screening method has been developed for the direct surface analysis of Hibiscus trionum petals using liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The optimized method was used to characterize a wide range of plant metabolites and cuticle monomers on the upper (adaxial) surface of the petals on both the white/smooth and anthocyanic/ridged regions, and on the lower (abaxial) surface, which is entirely smooth. The main components detected on the surface of the petals are low-molecular-weight organic acids, sugars, and flavonoids. The ridged portion on the upper surface of the petal is enriched in long-chain fatty acids, which are constituents of the wax fraction of the cuticle. These compounds were not detected on the white/smooth region of the upper petal surface or on the smooth lower surface.The authors acknowledge support by the ERC grant 279405.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b0249

Evaluation par test simplifié in vivo de la chimiosensibilité du Plasmodium falciparum à la chloroquine et à l'amodiaquine dans le Sud du Cameroun

La sensibilité in vivo du #Plasmodium falciparum$à la chloroquine et à l'amodiaquine à la dose de 25 mg/kg per os en trois jours a été évaluée par six enquêtes effectuées en 1989 dans le Sud-Ouest du Cameroun. La prévalence plasmodiale chez les écoliers est de 75$ est présent dans 96 % des infections. Parmi 357 enfants traités à la chloroquine, 24 % sont porteurs de trophozoïtes au 3ème jour du traitement et 17 % au 7ème jour. Une résistance complète de type R III est observée dans 4 % des cas. Parmi les 55 enfants traités à l'amodiaquine, 13 % et 10 % sont trouvés porteurs de rares trophozoïtes à J3 ET J7. La signification de ces résultats est discutée. (Résumé d'auteur

(3R,8aS)-3-Ethyl­perhydro­pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione

In the title compound, C9H14N2O2, the pyrrolidine and piperazine rings adopt envelope and boat conformations, respectively. The chiral centers were assigned on the basis of the known stereogenic center of an enanti­omerically pure starting material and the trans relationship between the H atoms attached to these centers. The crystal packing is stabilized by an inter­molecular hydrogen bond between the N—H group and a carbonyl O atom of the diketopiperazine group, forming zigzag C(5) chains along [010]

Two euAGAMOUS genes control C-function in Medicago truncatula

[EN] C-function MADS-box transcription factors belong to the AGAMOUS (AG) lineage and specify both stamen and carpel identity and floral meristem determinacy. In core eudicots, the AG lineage is further divided into two branches, the euAG and PLE lineages. Functional analyses across flowering plants strongly support the idea that duplicated AG lineage genes have different degrees of subfunctionalization of the C-function. The legume Medicago truncatula contains three C-lineage genes in its genome: two euAG genes (MtAGa and MtAGb) and one PLENA-like gene (MtSHP). This species is therefore a good experimental system to study the effects of gene duplication within the AG subfamily. We have studied the respective functions of each euAG genes in M. truncatula employing expression analyses and reverse genetic approaches. Our results show that the M. truncatula euAG- and PLENA-like genes are an example of subfunctionalization as a result of a change in expression pattern. MtAGa and MtAGb are the only genes showing a full C-function activity, concomitant with their ancestral expression profile, early in the floral meristem, and in the third and fourth floral whorls during floral development. In contrast, MtSHP expression appears late during floral development suggesting it does not contribute significantly to the C-function. Furthermore, the redundant MtAGa and MtAGb paralogs have been retained which provides the overall dosage required to specify the C-function in M. truncatula.This work was funded by grants BIO2009-08134 and BIO2012-39849-C02-01 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Ramon y Cajal Program (RYC-2007-00627 to CGM). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Serwatowska, J.; Roque Mesa, EM.; Gómez Mena, MC.; Constantin, GD.; Wen, J.; Mysore, KS.; Lund, OS.... (2014). Two euAGAMOUS genes control C-function in Medicago truncatula. 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Introduction à QGIS

International audienceQuantum geographic information system (QGIS) is a free, open-source, cross-platform and scalable geographic information system (GIS) tool with plugin development in Python and C++ languages. Technically, QGIS integrates the geospatial data abstraction library (GDAL), which allows it to read and process a large number of geographic images. Distributed under the GNU/general public license (GPL) version 2, QGIS allows free access to a powerful, inexpensive GIS program that can be used on most platforms: GNU/Linux, Unix, Mac OS X and Windows. During the various updates of the QGIS version, the processing module was constantly improved by bug fixes and the addition of new functions. The processing module is proposed by default with the QGIS software and does not require the installation of an extension in order to be used. To use it, the QGIS graphical user interface (GUI) offers a "Processing" menu

Floral development: an integrated view

International audienc