<i>Zygomaticus major</i> muscle bony attachment site:a Thiel-embalmed cadaver study

Objective: Thezygomaticus major is a principal muscle of facial expression which is engaged when smiling. The zygomaticus major origin of the zygomatic bone is often discussed relevant to its importance in the field of plastic surgery. In addition, the zygomaticus major attachment site is also significant for forensic craniofacial reconstruction, separating the cheek into frontal and lateral surfaces. However, there are discrepancies amongst published articles regarding the precise origin of the zygomaticus major muscle. The aim of this study is to investigate more distinctive and palpable landmarks as the bony attachment of the zygomaticus major. Methods: This project is the first zygomaticus major dissection study utilising Thiel embalmed cadavers. Fifty-two facial dissections were investigated in 26 Thiel embalmed bodies, bequeathed to the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification at The University of Dundee between 2013 and 2015. Results: This study found that the origin of zygomaticus major muscle was located at the superior margin of the temporal process on the lateral surface of zygomatic bone. Moreover, the zygomaticus major muscle overlapped the anterosuperior border of the masseter muscle. One out of 52 zygomaticus major muscles presented bifurcation. Conclusion: The origin site of zygomaticus major is considered important to increase resemblance in forensic craniofacial reconstruction. Furthermore, since zygomaticus major is a salient muscle involved in facial expression, the potential effects for cosmetic/surgical procedures are also relevant to the medical field and successful surgical outcomes. The current study provided easily palpable landmarks of zygomaticus major origin site which is beneficial for both surgeons and forensic craniofacial reconstruction practitioners. © 202

An overview of concepts and approaches used in estimating the burden of congenital disorders globally.

Congenital disorders are an important cause of pregnancy loss, premature death and life-long disability. A range of interventions can greatly reduce their burden, but the absence of local epidemiological data on their prevalence and the impact of interventions impede policy and service development in many countries. In an attempt to overcome these deficiencies, we have developed a tool-The Modell Global Database of Congenital Disorders (MGDb) that combines general biological principles and available observational data with demographic data, to generate estimates of the birth prevalence and effects of interventions on mortality and disability due to congenital disorders. MGDb aims to support policy development by generating country, regional and global epidemiological estimates. Here we provide an overview of the concepts and methodological approach used to develop MGDb

Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 2: The Physics Program for DUNE at LBNF

The Physics Program for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Fermilab Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is described

Epidemiology of oral clefts 2012:an international perspective.

Classical descriptive epidemiology in the field of cleft lip and palate aims to quantify the problem, and in the higher income countries it is possible to do this with varying degrees of accuracy. This is not however possible in every country in the world, and epidemiology should seek to identify these data gaps with a view to improvement in the situation. Epidemiology must also be investigative and look for trends, associations and inter-population differences, with the aim of supporting aetiological research and advancing the translational agenda. This chapter is set out in three parts and seeks to address all three of the above areas. Birth defects in general and orofacial clefting in particular remain a relatively common and significant problem for not only the individual patients born with these defects in terms of death or disability, but also for their families and for society in general in terms of burden of care and health inequality. In high-income countries, despite very significant advances in treatment, problems in access to care and evidence base for cleft care still exist whereas in the developing world the consequences are lack of access to care and lack of infrastructure to help with quantification of the problem and consequently the ability to address it. The major questions in contemporary cleft lip and palate research surround ways of improving the evidence base for the treatment interventions used to optimise quality of care, and the ultimate scientific and humanitarian objective is primary prevention of those diseases and disorders that are preventable. Descriptive epidemiology underpins research enquiry in both of these major areas

Prevalence of orofacial clefts in Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries: A systematic review

Cleft lip and/or palate are among the most common birth defects in the world. The prevalence of these conditions varies considerably across geographic areas and ethnic groups.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review and appraisal of the literature on the prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate in Saudi Arabia and comparable Middle Eastern countries.Materials and methodsAll published articles on orofacial clefts (OFC) in Saudi Arabia and its bordering countries in the Middle East with similar and comparable population characteristics were reviewed in July 2010.ResultsAfter reviewing the articles, only eight matched the inclusion criteria. Three studies were carried out in two regions in Saudi Arabia (Riyadh and Al-Qaseem). The other five studies were set in Dubai, Oman, and Jordan. The prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate reported in these studies varied greatly from 0.3 to 2.4 per 1000 live births. The birth prevalence of orofacial clefts in males was reported to be higher than in females. The isolated cleft palate prevalence was reported to be higher in females in most of the studies.ConclusionThe eightfold variation in the prevalence of orofacial clefts between highest and lowest prevalence is likely to be due, at least in part, to problems with ascertainment, but there may also be underlying genetic or environmental factors that require further investigation