Evidence obtained from social media sites and their role in criminal proceedings: A study in the English and the American laws

إن وجود مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي في كل مكان، وفي جميع الأوقات، وحجم المعلومات الشخصية التي تحتويها هذه المواقع، يجعل منها مصدرًا خصبًا وغنيًّا للأدلة المحتملة التي يمكن أن تُستخدم في الإجراءات الجنائية. وبالنظر إلى طبيعة هذه المواقع، فإنها تثير تحديات كبيرة، يتعلَّق بعضها بالمصداقية التي تتمتع بها الأدلة المُتحصَّلة من هذه المواقع. ويعالج هذا البحث المسائل القانونية الناجمة عن استخدام الدليل المُتحصل من مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي، والآثار المترتبة على ذلك في القانونين الإنجليزي والأمريكي. كما يتناول التعريف بمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي وأهميتها في الإجراءات الجنائية. ويعالج أيضًا القضايا المُتعلِّقة بالحصول على الدليل، وقبوله، والتحقق من أصالته، إضافةً إلى المسائل الدستورية التي يثيرها الدليل المُتحصل من مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي. إن قواعد الإثباتالمطبَّقة على المعلومات المخزَّنة إلكترونيًّا ليست كافية للتعامل مع الأدلة المُتحصلة من مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي. وقد توصل البحث إلى أن القواعد التي تحكم الإثبات الجنائي في القانونين الإنجليزي والأمريكي كافية للتعامل مع هذا النوع من الأدلة، إلا أن هنالك حاجة مُلحة لوضع ضوابط تحكم بعض المسائل المهمة، وعلى الأخص التَّحقق من أصالة الدليل الذي تم الحصول عليه من مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي والمقدم في الإجراءات الجنائية. وتتطلب أنواع مختلفة من الأدلة المتحصلة من مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي مؤشرات تثبت المصداقية، ويتعيَّن على الأجهزة المختصة أن تبحث عن وسائل لجمع المعلومات من شأنها أن تؤكد المصداقية. يساعد توثيق عمليات جمع المعلومات بدقة، واستخدام برامج متطورة عند الحاجة، على عدم استبعاد الأدلة المتحصلة من هذه المواقع بدعوى عدم التحقق من مصداقيتها.The ubiquity of social networking sites (SNS) and the amount of personal information they contain make them a fertile source of potential evidence. The nature of these sites, however, poses evidentiary challenges, in particular authentication. This article addresses the problems related to the use in criminal trials of evidence from Social Networking Sites and examines its implications in both English and American laws. It discusses the importance of social media in criminal proceedings, including access to and use of social media evidence, constitutional issues that social media evidence raises, and the authentication and admissibility of such evidence. Evidentiary standards developed for other types of electronically-stored information may not be adequate for social media. While it is submitted that existing evidential rules are largely sufficient for dealing with SNS evidence, further guidance is needed on certain issues, particularly authentication. Different types of social media evidence require different indicia of reliability. Therefore, law enforcement agencies should consider methods of data collection that will help to ensure authentication. Carefully documenting the process of data gathering, and using sophisticated software where necessary, will help to ensure that the fruits of discovery are not excluded from evidence due to a failure of authentication

The Impact of Leadership Styles on Improving Institutional Performance in the Jordanian Commercial Banks from the Perspective of Middle Management Staff

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact ofof leadership styles on institutional performance of the commercial banks working in the south of Jordan from the perspective of middle management staff.The studypopulation consisted of (13) banks distributed in thejordanian southern governorates (Karak,Tafila, Maan, and Aqaba) and the number of their branches was (51). The study sample was (260) manager from the middle levelsand working in the targeted banks.To achieve the objectives of the study a questionnaire was developed to collect the required data from the study sample. A statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data collected by the questionnaire and to test the study hypothesis. depending on the averages and other statistics .Empirical results found that thedemocratic, autocratic, and situational style as a dimensions of leadership styles has a positive impact on institutional performance and the democratic style has the highest impact while the autocratic style has the lowest style. In addition the results found that the dominant leadership style in the target bankswas a democratic leadership style and this attributed to the focus of target banks on providing a training needsto its employees in order to improve their performance and achieve the goals in effective and efficient way. Based on these empirical results the study recommending that the banks should focus largely on thedemocratic leadership style and increase the a awareness of their employees in the different leadership styles through providing a training programs related to the subject of leadership in order to build their skills and enhance their knowledge.Finally the study recommend to conduct more future research and studies on the subject of leadership styles and institutional performance in the different industries, because the current study and its results limited to the Jordanian banks. Keywords:Leadership, Leadership Styles, Insitutional Performance, Jordan Banks

The Effect of Social Media and Syrian Refugees on the Jordanian Acts of Greeting

This research paper aims at  examining the impact of several factors that influence the greeting terms in Jordan., social networks and Syrian refugees in particular.The reason for having the Syrians participate in this study is because of their great number in Jordan. According to the Department of Statistics Syrians constitues 20% of the Jordanian population.This  paper starts with a brief summary of greetings among Jordaninans and factors affecting such greetings and other related issues. Furthermore, it discusses the influence of Syrian refugees and social media on greeting terminology in Jordan. In order to reveal the extent of such influence the researcher used discussion groups approach to collect needed data for the paper. Five such meetings were held in different parts of the kingdom, where refugees are residing: Northern Mafraq area, Za'atri camp, Amman Governorate, Al Ghore area  and the campus of Princess Rahma College. Results revealed that the Syrian greeting accent has very minute or no effect on the Jordanian's greeting terms, while social media has an influence among urbanite Jordanians. Key words: Act of Greeting, Jordan, Syrian Refugees, Social Media, Princess Rahma University Colleg

VISUAL ATTITUDE PROPAGATION FOR SMALL SATELLITES

As electronics become smaller and more capable, it has become possible to conduct meaningful and sophisticated satellite missions in a small form factor. However, the capability of small satellites and the range of possible applications are limited by the capabilities of several technologies, including attitude determination and control systems. This dissertation evaluates the use of image-based visual attitude propagation as a compliment or alternative to other attitude determination technologies that are suitable for miniature satellites. The concept lies in using miniature cameras to track image features across frames and extracting the underlying rotation. The problem of visual attitude propagation as a small satellite attitude determination system is addressed from several aspects: related work, algorithm design, hardware and performance evaluation, possible applications, and on-orbit experimentation. These areas of consideration reflect the organization of this dissertation. A “stellar gyroscope” is developed, which is a visual star-based attitude propagator that uses relative motion of stars in an imager’s field of view to infer the attitude changes. The device generates spacecraft relative attitude estimates in three degrees of freedom. Algorithms to perform the star detection, correspondence, and attitude propagation are presented. The Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) approach is applied to the correspondence problem to successfully pair stars across frames while mitigating false-positive and false-negative star detections. This approach provides tolerance to the noise levels expected in using miniature optics and no baffling, and the noise caused by radiation dose on orbit. The hardware design and algorithms are validated using test images of the night sky. The application of the stellar gyroscope as part of a CubeSat attitude determination and control system is described. The stellar gyroscope is used to augment a MEMS gyroscope attitude propagation algorithm to minimize drift in the absence of an absolute attitude sensor. The stellar gyroscope is a technology demonstration experiment on KySat-2, a 1-Unit CubeSat being developed in Kentucky that is in line to launch with the NASA ELaNa CubeSat Launch Initiative. It has also been adopted by industry as a sensor for CubeSat Attitude Determination and Control Systems (ADCS)

Efficient channel allocation and medium access organization algorithms for vehicular networking

Due to the limited bandwidth available for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), organizing the wireless channel access to efficiently use the bandwidth is one of the main challenges in VANET. In this dissertation, we focus on channel allocation and media access organization for Vehicle-to-Roadside Units (V2R) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. An efficient channel allocation algorithm for Roadside Unit (RSU) access is proposed. The goal of the algorithm is to increase system throughput by admitting more tasks (vehicles) and at the same time reduce the risk of the admitted tasks. The algorithm admits the new requests only when their requirements can be fulfilled and all in-session tasks\u27 requirements are also guaranteed. The algorithm calculates the expected task finish time for the tasks, but allocates a virtual transmission plan for the tasks as they progress toward the edges of the RSU range. For V2V mode, we propose an efficient medium access organization method based on VANETs\u27 clustering schemes. In order to make this method efficient in rapid topology change environment like VANET, it\u27s important to make the network topology less dynamic by forming local strongly connected clustering structure, which leads to a stable network topology on the global scale. We propose an efficient cluster formation algorithm that takes vehicles\u27 mobility into account for cluster formation. The results of the proposed methods show that the wireless channel utilization and the network stability are significantly improved compared to the existing methods

PASSIVE ATTITUDE STABILIZATION FOR SMALL SATELLITES

This thesis addresses the problem of designing and evaluating passive satellite attitude control systems for small satellites. Passive stabilization techniques such as Gravity Gradient stabilization, Passive Magnetic Stabilization, and Aerodynamic stabilization in Low Earth Orbit utilize the geometric and magnetic design of a satellite and the orbit properties to passively provide attitude stabilization and basic pointing. The design of such stabilization systems can be done using a high fidelity simulation of the satellite and the environmental effects in the orbit under consideration to study the on-orbit behavior and the effectiveness of the stability system in overcoming the disturbance torques. The Orbit Propagator described in this thesis is developed to include models for orbit parameters, Gravity Gradient torque, Aerodynamic Torque, Magnetic Torque, and Magnetic Hysteresis Material for angular rate damping. Aerodynamic stabilization of a three-unit CubeSat with deployable side panels in a “shuttlecock” design is studied in detail. Finally, the Passive Magnetic Stabilization system of KySat-1, a one-unit CubeSat, is also described in detail and the simulation results are shown