Topical problems concerning both methods and economy to develop mineral deposits

Purpose. Development of mining enterprises adaptation to changes in conjuncture of a product market relying upon its competitiveness while reducing expenditures connected with mineral stock extraction at the expense of mining operation schedule reorganization in accordance with market demand for their products. Methods. Methodological approach to provide output competitiveness in the context of its adaptation to market demand has been substantiated with the use of correlation analysis technique taking into consideration variability of outgoing data and their uncertainty. A technique to support competitive product advantages has been identified on the basis of operations function of mining complex since the advantages depend heavily on the expenses connected with crude ore. Cost changes effected by a market demand have been estimated basing upon feasibility analysis of operations of open pits selected to be considered. Findings. Relations between crude ore mining, prime cost of ore mining and processing enterprise product of Ukraine and market demand for their output have been determined. The current open pit expenditures, connected with ore bed mining, have been specified; process solutions, concerning the operating mining complex modernization, has been substantiated basing upon them. Extraction system effect on the mining complex technological adaptation to lower demand for manganese ore has been stated. Originality. Scientific and application foundations to obtain competitive advantages for the product manufactured by mining and processing enterprises by means of technological adaptation of mining complexes to market demand have been developed. Adaptation instruments of the complexes have been estimated with the help of the production function. Methodological approach to plan crude ore prime cost, basing upon expenditures, connected with overburden operations, has been improved. Practical implications. In the context of Pivnichnyi and Zaporizkyi open pits, the effect of extraction volumes on the mined ore prime cost has been determined; the effect has been involved to substantiate economically the expedient system for ore bench mining. Production function of Pivnichnyi open pit has been defined. Its analysis results helped formulate recommendations concerning labour shedding and production increase.Мета. Розробка адаптації гірничих підприємств до зміни кон’юнктури ринку їхньої продукції на основі забезпечення її конкурентоспроможності шляхом зниження витрат на видобування мінеральної сировини за рахунок реконструкції технологічної схеми гірничих робіт згідно з ринковим попитом на продукцію. Методика. З використанням методу кореляційного аналізу, враховуючи мінливість та невизначеність вихідних даних, обґрунтовано методичний підхід до забезпечення конкурентоспроможності виробленої продукції в аспекті її адаптації до ринкового попиту. Спосіб підтримки конкурентних переваг продукції визначений на підставі виробничої функції гірничодобувного комплексу, оскільки ці переваги значною мірою обумовлені витратами на рудну сировину. Зміна витрат під впливом ринкового попиту оцінена на основі техніко-економічного аналізу досвіду роботи обраних до розгляду кар’єрів. Результати. Встановлений взаємозв’язок між технологією видобування рудної сировини, собівартістю продукції гірничо-збагачувальних комбінатів України та ринковим попитом на їхню продукцію. Для підвищення її конкурентоспроможності визначено теперішні витрати кар’єру на розробку рудного пласта та обґрунтовано на їх підставі технологічні рішення щодо реконструкції діючого гірничодобувного комплексу. Наведений вплив системи розробки на технологічну адаптацію комплексу гірничих робіт до зниженого попиту на марганцеву руду. Наукова новизна. Розроблено науково-прикладні засади підтримання конкурентних переваг продукції гірничо-збагачувальних комбінатів шляхом технологічної адаптації гірничодобувних комплексів до ринкового попиту. Важелі адаптації комплексів оцінені за допомогою виробничої функції. Вдосконалено методичний підхід до планування собівартості рудної сировини, що ґрунтується на структурі витрат на розкривні роботи. Практична значимість. Стосовно Північного й Запорізького кар’єрів визначений вплив обсягу гірничих робіт на собівартість видобутої руди, з урахуванням цього впливу економічно обґрунтована доцільна система розробки рудного уступу. Встановлена виробнича функція Північного кар’єру. За результатами її аналізу сформульовані рекомендації щодо скорочення робочої сили й підвищення обсягу виробництва.Цель. Разработка адаптации горных предприятий к изменению конъюнктуры рынка их продукции на основе обеспечения ее конкурентоспособности путем снижения затрат на добычу минерального сырья за счет реконструкции технологической схемы горных работ в соответствии с рыночным спросом на продукцию. Методика. С использованием метода корреляционного анализа, учитывая изменчивость и неопределенность исходных данных, обоснован методический подход к обеспечению конкурентоспособности произведенной продукции в аспекте ее адаптации к рыночному спросу. Способ поддержания конкурентных преимуществ продукции определен на основании производственной функции горнодобывающего комплекса, поскольку эти преимущества в значительной степени обусловлены затратами на рудное сырье. Изменение затрат под влия-нием рыночного спроса оценена на основе технико-экономического анализа опыта работы избранных к рассмотрению карьеров. Результаты. Установлена взаимосвязь между технологией добычи рудного сырья, себестоимостью продукции горно-обогатительных комбинатов Украины и рыночным спросом на их продукцию. Для повышения ее конкурентоспособности определены нынешние затраты карьера на разработку рудного пласта и обоснованы на их основании технологические решения по реконструкции действующего горнодобывающего комплекса. Приведено влияние системы разработки на технологическую адаптацию комплекса горных работ к пониженному спросу на марганцевую руду. Научная новизна. Разработаны научно-прикладные основы поддержания конкурентных преимуществ продукции горно-обогатительных комбинатов путем технологической адаптации горнодобывающих комплексов с рыночным спросом. Рычаги адаптации комплексов оценены с помощью производственной функции. Усовершенствован методический подход к планированию себестоимости рудного сырья, базирующийся на структуре затрат на вскрышные работы. Практическая значимость. Относительно Северного и Запорожского карьеров определено влияние объема горных работ на себестоимость добытой руды, с учетом этого влияния экономически обоснована целесообразная система разработки рудного уступа. Установлена производственная функция Северного карьера. По результатам ее анализа сформулированы рекомендации по сокращению рабочей силы и повышению объема производства.The authors express gratitude to everyone who favoured (directly or indirectly) the origination of the methodological approach being essentially innovative technological model to support competitiveness of mining enterprises. In particular, cooperation of the authors with the Department of Open-Pit Mining of the Dnipro University of Technology especially with Professor B.Yu. Sobko turned out to be determinative. The authors express kindly their thanks to Professor O.A. Temchenko from Kryvy Rih Economic Institute for his effective help rendered at the stage when scientific background of the general approach was being developed

Substantiation of the conditions of open pits’ conservation for the development of flat deposits

Розглянута сутність та особливості консервації технологічних об’єктів кар’єру, як спосіб адаптації гірничодобувного підприємства до зниженого попиту на корисну копалину, порівняні наявні рішення щодо консервації об’єктів у разі відпрацювання родовища пологого або крутого падіння, розроблена технологічна схема видобування пласта марганцевої руди шляхом поділу кар'єрного поля на дві ділянки, з яких одна ділянка тимчасово консервується, визначені засоби забезпечення стійкості неробочих й відвального бортів кар'єру.Рассмотрена сущность и особенности консервации технологических объектов карьера, как способ адаптации горнодобывающего предприятия к сниженному спросу на полезное ископаемое, сравнены имеющиеся решения по консервации объектов при отработке месторождения пологого или крутого падения, разработана технологическая схема добычи пласта марганцевой руды путем разделения карьерного поля на два участка, из которых один участок временно консервируется, определены средства обеспечения устойчивости нерабочих и отвального бортов карьера.Theoretical definition of the matter of stand-by condition of production facilities at an open-pit and the development of technological approaches to its implementation under the operation of flat deposits; generalization of practical recommendations for meeting demand on mineral resources

Post-Modification of the Electronic Properties by Addition of π-Stacking Additives in N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes with Extended Polyaromatic Systems

A series of iridium complexes containing phenanthro[4,5-abc]phenazino[11,12-d]imidazol-2-ylidene and acetonaphtho[1,2-b]quinoxaline[11,12-d]imidazol-2-ylidene ligands have been obtained and fully characterized. These complexes display highly extended polyaromatic systems attached to the backbone of the N-heterocyclic carbene. The presence of this extended polyaromatic system makes the electron-donating character of these ligands sensitive to the presence of π-stacking additives, such as pyrene and hexafluorobenzene. The computational studies predict that the addition of pyrene affords an increase of the electron-donating character of the polyaromatic ligand (TEP decreases), while the addition of hexafluorobenzene has the opposite effect (TEP increases). This prediction is experimentally corroborated by IR spectroscopy, by measuring the shift of the CO stretching bands of a series of IrCl(NHC)(CO)2 complexes, where NHC is the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand with the polyaromatic system. Finally, the energy of the π-stacking interaction of one of the key Ir(I) complexes with pyrene and hexafluorobenzene has been estimated by using the Benesi-Hildebrand treat-ment, based on the δ-shifts observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy.MEC of Spain (CTQ2011-24055/BQU

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global lake responses to climate change

Climate change is one of the most severe threats to global lake ecosystems. Lake surface conditions, such as ice cover, surface temperature, evaporation and water level, respond dramatically to this threat, as observed in recent decades. In this Review, we discuss physical lake variables and their responses to climate change. Decreases in winter ice cover and increases in lake surface temperature modify lake mixing regimes and accelerate lake evaporation. Where not balanced by increased mean precipitation or inflow, higher evaporation rates will favour a decrease in lake level and surface water extent. Together with increases in extreme-precipitation events, these lake responses will impact lake ecosystems, changing water quantity and quality, food provisioning, recreational opportunities and transportation. Future research opportunities, including enhanced observation of lake variables from space (particularly for small water bodies), improved in situ lake monitoring and the development of advanced modelling techniques to predict lake processes, will improve our global understanding of lake responses to a changing climate

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Snails have stronger indirect positive effects on submerged macrophyte growth attributes than zooplankton

Phytoplankton and epiphyton often compete with submerged macrophytes. Grazing by zooplankton and/or epiphyton grazers should promote an indirect positive effect on submerged macrophyte growth rate. Hence, we mimicked shallow lakes conditions in mesocosms using a factorial design to evaluate the indirect effects of no grazers, zooplankton, snails or both grazers on macrophyte growth attributes. After 16 weeks, both snails and zooplankton had positive effects on macrophyte stem length and biomass. However, only snails had positive effects on macrophyte number of sprouts and root biomass. In addition, the positive effect size of snails on the submerged macrophytes was twice as large as the effect size of the zooplankton. Our study suggests that benthic food chains might be more capable of increasing resilience and affecting the stability of the clear-water state in shallow lakes than pelagic food chains. However, long-term experiments with varying relative proportions of herbivores and different macrophyte species, as well as in situ experiments, will be necessary to test the generality of our findings. Understanding the relative effects of benthic versus pelagic grazers on submerged macrophytes may increase the success of shallow lake restoration and should be taken into account when designing management and restoration efforts for shallow lake systems