Estudio de diferentes métodos de integración numérica : aplicación en la caracterización de superficies mediante deflectometría óptica y un sensor de Shack-Hartmann /

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaCon el cambio del siglo XX al XXI, la importancia de las tecnologías ópticas, como herramientas esenciales para otras ciencias, está llamando la atención en diferentes ámbitos científicos y económicos. El desarrollo de técnicas relacionadas con la imagen óptica aparece en diferentes puntos de vista como por ejemplo, la tecnología de la información y de las comunicaciones, la salud humana y las ciencias de la vida, los sensores ópticos y nuevas lámparas para una mejora en el consumo de energía, el desarrollo de equipos destinados a procesos de fabricación en la industria, etc. Las aplicaciones en la industria han tenido un gran impacto económico: por ejemplo, todos los circuitos integrados de semiconductores que se producen en el mundo se fabrican mediante litografía óptica. El desarrollo de la industria de semiconductores ha dado un impulso a la investigación básica y al desarrollo de técnicas ópticas: la disminución de los tamaños en la fabricación implica la exigencia de nuevos materiales, nuevos componentes ópticos, nuevas fuentes de iluminación. En la actualidad, la mayoría de la población europea es usuaria de la Tecnología de la Información y de la Comunicación (del inglés, «Information Communication Technology»), por ejemplo a través de ordenadores personales, telefonía móvil, electrónica empleada en medicina, internet, control de robots inteligentes, detección de obstáculos para la guía de un vehículo,… y la calidad de este tipo de productos aumenta considerablemente cada pocos años para un mismo precio (un factor ~2 cada 3 años). La base de tal progreso se debe, en gran parte, al rápido progreso en la calidad de los componentes que se emplean en esta ICT, como por ejemplo, los circuitos integrados y su conexión con otros dispositivos. La industria semiconductora se está preparando para promover una reducción del detalle más pequeño en los circuitos integrados, por debajo de los 130 nanómetros. Tal reducción requiere una evaluación de la ausencia de gradientes ondulatorios y abruptos con una precisión de 10 nanómetros para el caso particular de obleas de 300 milímetros de diámetro. El diámetro actual standard de las obleas es de 200 milímetros aunque actualmente ya se están produciendo obleas de 300 milímetros y el objetivo es fabricar obleas todavía más grandes. Además, la velocidad de procesado aumentará hasta 100 obleas por hora. Así, el control en la producción y pulido de obleas requiere una instrumentación para la medición rápida de la topografía tridimensional que en la actualidad, no está disponible técnicamente. Otro de los problemas que aparece en la industria semiconductora concierne a los substratos que forman las obleas. La tecnología actual permite producir detalles muy pequeños mediante procesos litográficos. Esto exige mayores requerimientos en la planitud de las obleas sobre las que se depositan repetidamente circuitos integrados. El problema consiste en que la inspección de la planitud requiere mucho tiempo, varias horas para una única oblea. Otro de los problemas con los que se encuentra la industria semiconductora es el procesado de las obleas. Después de la deposición de cada substrato, se neutraliza depositando una capa muy delgada de SiO2. Antes de la siguiente deposición, la oblea se somete a procesos de pulido químicos y mecánicos para conseguir de nuevo la planitud deseada. Se trata de un proceso lento que aumenta el coste de producción. Sin embargo, en un futuro inmediato se fabricarán obleas de 450 mm de diámetro mientras que las actuales son de 200 mm; de forma que se podrán depositar más circuitos integrados ganando tiempo y reduciendo el coste de producción. La situación es similar en otros campos, como por ejemplo, los dispositivos de cristal líquido: en la línea de producción se requiere un rápido control de la topografía tridimensional de dichos cristales, que tampoco está disponible en la actualidad. En este caso las dimensiones pueden llegar a ser de 1m por 1m

Advanced methodology for the optimal sizing of the energy storage system in a hybrid electric refuse collector vehicle using real routes

This paper presents a new methodology for optimal sizing of the energy storage system ( ESS ), with the aim of being used in the design process of a hybrid electric (HE) refuse collector vehicle ( RCV ). This methodology has, as the main element, to model a multi-objective optimisation problem that considers the specific energy of a basic cell of lithium polymer ( Li – Po ) battery and the cost of manufacture. Furthermore, optimal space solutions are determined from a multi-objective genetic algorithm that considers linear inequalities and limits in the decision variables. Subsequently, it is proposed to employ optimal space solutions for sizing the energy storage system, based on the energy required by the drive cycle of a conventional refuse collector vehicle. In addition, it is proposed to discard elements of optimal space solutions for sizing the energy storage system so as to achieve the highest fuel economy in the hybrid electric refuse collector vehicle design phase.Postprint (published version

Evaluation and correction of aberrations in an optical correlator by phase-shifting interferometry

We propose a new method for evaluating and correcting aberrations in a Vander Lugt correlator. The technique is achieved with liquid-crystal displays of the correlator and allows the task to be performed in situ. We present the theory on which the method is based and the experimental results that we obtained by applying it in a convergent correlator

Topological analysis of powertrains for refusecollecting vehicles based on real routes – Part II: Hybrid electric powertrain

In this two-part paper, a topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles (RCVs) based on simulation of different architectures (internal combustion engine, hybrid electric, and hybrid hydraulic) on real routes is proposed. In this second part, three different hybrid electric powertrain architectures are proposed and modeled. These architectures are based on the use of fuel cells, ultracapacitors, and batteries. A calculation engine, which is specifically designed to estimate energy consumption, respecting the original performance as the original internal combustion engine (ICE), is presented and used for simulations and component sizing. Finally, the overall performance of the different architectures (hybrid hydraulic, taken from the first paper part, and hybrid electric, estimated in this second part) and control strategies are summarized in a fuel and energy consumption table. Based on this table, an analysis of the different architecture performance results is carried out. From this analysis, a technological evolution of these vehicles in the medium- and long terms is proposed.Postprint (author's final draft

Topological analysis of powertrains for refusecollecting vehicles based on real routes – Part I: Hybrid hydraulic powertrain

In this two-part paper, a topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles (RCVs) based on the simulation of different architectures (internal combustion engine, hybrid electric, and hybrid hydraulic) on real routes is proposed. In this first part, a characterization of a standard route is performed, analyzing the average power consumption and the most frequent working points of an internal combustion engine (ICE) in real routes. This information is used to define alternative powertrain architectures. A hybrid hydraulic powertrain architecture is proposed and modelled. The proposed powertrain model is executed using two different control algorithms, with and without predictive strategies, with data obtained from real routes. A calculation engine (an algorithm which runs the vehicle models on real routes), is presented and used for simulations. This calculation engine has been specifically designed to analyze if the different alternative powertrain delivers the same performance of the original ICE. Finally, the overall performance of the different architectures and control strategies are summarized into a fuel and energy consumption table, which will be used in the second part of this paper to compare with the different architectures based on hybrid electric powertrain. The overall performance of the different architectures indicates that the use of a hybrid hydraulic powertrain with simple control laws can reduce the fuel consumption up to a 14 %.Postprint (author's final draft

Human Menstrual Blood-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells As Potential Cell Carriers For Oncolytic Adenovirus

Antitumor efficacy of systemically administered oncolytic adenoviruses (OAdv) is limited due to diverse factors such as liver sequestration, neutralizing interactions in blood, elimination by the immune system, and physical barriers in tumors. It is therefore of clinical relevance to improve OAdv bioavailability and tumor delivery. Among the variety of tumor-targeting strategies, the use of stem cells and specifically bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) is of particular interest due to their tumor tropism and immunomodulatory properties. Nonetheless, the invasive methods to obtain these cells, the low number of MSCs present in the bone marrow, and their restricted in vitro expansion represent major obstacles for their use in cancer treatments, pointing out the necessity to identify an alternative source of MSCs. Here, we have evaluated the use of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) as cell carriers for regional delivery of an OAdv in the tumor. Our results indicate that MenSCs can be isolated without invasive methods, they have an increased proliferation rate compared to BM-MSCs, and they can be efficiently infected with different serotype 5-based capsid-modified adenoviruses, leading to viral replication and release. In addition, our in vivo studies confirmed the tumor-homing properties of MenSCs after regional administration

Late glacial and post-glacial deposits of the Navamuno peatbog (Iberian Central System): Chronology and paleoenvironmental implications

The Navamuno peatbog (Sierra de Bejar, western Spain) is a ~14 ha pseudo-endorheic depression with boundaries defined by a lateral moraine of the Cuerpo de Hombre paleoglacier and fault-line scarps on granite bedrock. The stratigraphy of the Navamu~no peatbog system is characterized here using borehole data to a depth of 20 m. An integrated interpretation from direct-push coring, dynamic probing boreholes and handheld auger drillings advances our knowledge of the Navamu~no polygenetic infill. Correlating this data with those obtained in other studies of the chronology and evolutionary sequence of the Cuerpo de Hombre paleoglacier has enabled us to establish the sequence of the hydrological system in the Navamuno depression. During the Late Pleistocene (MIS2), the depression was dammed by the Cuerpo de Hombre glacier and fed by its lateral meltwaters, and was filled with glaciolacustrine deposits. The onset of the Holocene in Navamuno is linked to a flat, fluviotorrential plain with episodes of local shallow pond/peat bog sedimentation. This evolutionary sequence is congruent with the age model obtained from available radiocarbon dating, obtaining 19 ages from ~800 cal yr BP (at depth 1.11 m) to ~16800 cal yr BP (at depth 15.90e16.0 m). Finally, the sedimentary record enabled interpretation of the environmental changes occurring in this zone during the late glacial (from the Older Dryas to the Younger Dryas) and postglacial (Holocene) stages, placing them within the paleoclimatic context of the Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean regions

Gender Inequalities in Diagnostic Inertia around the Three Most Prevalent Cardiovascular Risk Studies: Protocol for a Population-Based Cohort Study

Evidence shows that objectives for detecting and controlling cardiovascular risk factors are not being effectively met, and moreover, outcomes differ between men and women. This study will assess the gender-related differences in diagnostic inertia around the three most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors: dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, and to evaluate the consequences on cardiovascular disease incidence. This is an epidemiological and cohort study. Eligible patients will be adults who presented to public primary health care centers in a Spanish region from 2008 to 2011, with hypertension, dyslipidemia, or/and diabetes and without cardiovascular disease. Participants’ electronic health records will be used to collect the study variables in a window of six months from inclusion. Diagnostic inertia of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or diabetes is defined as the registry of abnormal diagnostic parameters—but no diagnosis—on the person’s health record. The cohort will be followed from the date of inclusion until the end of 2019. Outcomes will be cardiovascular events, defined as hospital admission due to ischemic cardiopathy, stroke, and death from any cause. The results of this study could inform actions to rectify the structure, organization and training of health care teams in order to correct the inequality

Guía de práctica clínica SENPE/SEGHNP/SEFH sobre nutrición parenteral pediátrica

Introduction: Parenteral nutrition (PN) in childhood is a treatment whose characteristics are highly variable depending on the age and pathology of the patient. Material and methods: The Standardization and Protocols Group of the Spanish Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SENPE) is an interdisciplinary group formed by members of the SENPE, the Spanish Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Pediatric Nutrition (SEGHNP) and the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH) that intends to update this issue. For this, a detailed review of the literature has been carried out, looking for the evidences that allow us to elaborate a Clinical Practice Guide following the criteria of the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. Results: This manuscript summarizes the recommendations regarding indications, access routes, requirements, modifications in special situations, components of the mixtures, prescription and standardization, preparation, administration, monitoring, complications and home NP. The complete document is published as a monographic number. Conclusions: This guide is intended to support the prescription of pediatric PN. It provides the basis for rational decisions in the context of the existing evidence. No guidelines can take into account all of the often compelling individual clinical circumstances.Introducción: la nutrición parenteral (NP) en la infancia es un tratamiento cuyas características son muy variables en función de la edad y la patología que presente el paciente. Material y métodos: el grupo de Estandarización y Protocolos de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Parenteral y Enteral (SENPE) es un grupo interdisciplinar formado por miembros de la SENPE, Sociedad Española de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (SEGHNP) y Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH) que pretende poner al día este tema. Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión pormenorizada de la literatura buscando las evidencias que nos permiten elaborar una Guía de Práctica Clínica siguiendo los criterios del Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Resultados: este manuscrito expone de forma resumida las recomendaciones en cuanto a indicaciones, vías de acceso, requerimientos, modificaciones en situaciones especiales, componentes de las mezclas, prescripción y estandarización, preparación, administración, monitorización, complicaciones y NP domiciliaria. El documento completo se publica como número monográfico. Conclusiones: esta guía pretende servir de apoyo para la prescripción de la NP pediátrica. Constituye la base para tomar decisiones en el contexto de la evidencia existente. Ninguna guía puede tener en cuenta todas las circunstancias clínicas individuale