515 research outputs found
Memoria, decisiones y emociones tras el consumo de cocaína: el papel de las diferentes estructuras neuroanatómicas.
Drug addiction is a serious mental illness characterized by the loss of control over the use
of the substance, the compulsive search for the drug and the appearance of a negative emotional
state when the substance is not present. Among all the substances of abuse, cocaine
is among the most consumed in our country, with serious physiological, psychological and
biological repercussions for its consumers. Thus, our goal is to describe and analyze different
mental processes that may be influenced by the administration of cocaine, trying to assess
whether its alteration is due to changes in anatomical structures responsible for mental,
cognitive and emotional functioning. An exhaustive bibliographic search was carried out in
the main scientific databases using the keywords exposed in the work. The consumption of
cocaine induces alterations in the functioning of cerebral structures, among which the amygdala,
prefrontal cortex and hippocampus stand out, with different consequences in the cognitive
and emotional functions of the individual. The study of these mental processes and of the
anatomical structures involved represents a great advance in the area of mental illness and
cocaine addiction, providing knowledge for the progress of new possible therapeutic options.La drogadicción constituye una enfermedad mental grave caracterizada por la pérdida de
control sobre el uso de una sustancia, la búsqueda compulsiva de la droga y la aparición de un
estado emocional negativo cuando esta no es suministrada. De entre todas las sustancias narcóticas,
la cocaína está entre las más consumidas en nuestro país, con repercusiones de índole
fisiológica, psicológica y biológica sobre la salud de los que la consumen. Por tanto, nuestro
objetivo es describir y analizar los distintos procesos mentales que puedan estar influidos por
el uso de cocaína, tratando de valorar si estas alteraciones se deben a cambios en estructuras
anatómicas responsables de un buen funcionamiento mental, cognitivo y emocional. Con
este fin, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva de las palabras clave aquí
expuestas en las principales bases de datos científicas. El consumo de cocaína produce alteraciones
en las estructuras cerebrales, entre las que destacan la amígdala, el córtex prefrontal
y el hipocampo, con distintas consecuencias sobre el funcionamiento cognitivo y emocional
del individuo. El estudio de estos procesos mentales y de las estructuras mentales relacionadas
con ellos constituye un gran avance en el área de enfermedad mental y de la adicción
a la cocaína, puesto que aporta conocimientos para el progreso de nuevas vías terapéuticas.Psicologí
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in domestic pigs raised from Cuba
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors in pigs in the largest pork-producing region in Cuba. Serum samples from 420 pigs, including 210 sows and 210 post-weaning pigs, were tested for antibodies against T. gondii using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were detected in 56 animals (13.3%, 95% CI: 10.1–16.6). A generalized estimating equations model revealed that the risk factors associated with higher seropositivity in pigs were altitude (higher in farm’s location < 250 m above sea level (masl) versus ≥ 250 masl) and age (higher in sows compared to post-weaning pigs). The results indicated that this protozoan parasite is widely distributed on pig farms in the study area, which is a public health concern since the consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat products containing tissue cysts is considered one of the main routes of T. gondii transmission worldwide. Control measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of exposure to T. gondii in pigs in Cuba
Dietary patterns and diet quality during pregnancy and low birthweight: The PRINCESA cohort
Although the isolated effects of several specific nutrients have been examined, little is known about the relationship between overall maternal diet during pregnancy and fetal development and growth. This study evaluates the association between maternal diet and low birthweight (LBW) in 660 pregnant women from the Pregnancy Research on Inflammation, Nutrition,& City Environment: Systematic Analyses (PRINCESA) cohort in Mexico City. Using prior day dietary intake reported at multiple prenatal visits, diet was assessed prospectively using a priori (Maternal Diet Quality Score [MDQS]) and a posteriori (dietary patterns extracted by factor analysis) approaches. The association between maternal diet and LBW was investigated by logistic regression, controlling for confounders. Adherence to recommended guidelines (higher MDQS) was associated with a reduced risk of LBW (OR, 0.22; 95% confidence interval [0.06, 0.75], P < .05, N = 49) compared with the lowest adherence category (reference group), controlling for maternal age, education, height, marital status, pre- pregnancy body mass index, parity, energy intake, gestational weight gain, and preterm versus term birth; a posteriori dietary patterns were not associated with LBW risk. Higher adherence to MDQS was associated with a lower risk of having an LBW baby in this sample. Our results support the role of advocating a healthy overall diet, versus individual foods or nutrients, in preventing LBW.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155934/1/mcn12972_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155934/2/mcn12972.pd
Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic pigs intended for human consumption in Cuba
Domestic pigs are considered as one of the main intermediate hosts in the zoonotic transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in many countries. Serological and molecular studies are warranted to better understand the epidemiology and transmission patterns of this parasite worldwide. To date, seroepidemiological information on T. gondii in domestic pigs in Cuba is very scarce and there are no reports of T. gondii genotypes circulating in this country. Here, we aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and provide genetic characterization of the strains circulating in slaughtered pigs intended for human consumption in Central Cuba. Seroprevalence was determined in 450 serum samples from slaughtered pigs in Villa Clara province using ELISA. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies were detected in 100 animals (22.2%, 95% CI: 18.5-26.2). Conventional PCR of the 529-bp marker of T. gondii was performed in hearts and diaphragm tissues of all ELISA-seropositive pigs. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in four animals. Further genetic characterization of the positive DNA samples was performed by multilocus PCR-RFLP and PCR-sequencing typing tools. Molecular analysis revealed four different genetic profiles that were combinations of type I, II, III and u-1 alleles, suggesting the circulation of non-clonal genotypes of T. gondii in domestic pigs in Cuba. Our results indicate that T. gondii is widely distributed in slaughtered pigs in this country, which might have important implications for public health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on genetic characterization of T. gondii in Cuba. Although preliminary, the results suggest a high genetic diversity of T. gondii in the study region. Further studies based on parasite isolation are needed to definitively identify the genotypes circulating and characterize the virulence of strains detected in pigs in Cuba, and to assess the risk of zoonotic transmission from pork products in this country
Propuesta de intervención para riesgo psicosocial y estrés laboral encontrados en el diagnóstico 2017 en una empresa del sector farmacéutico
Proponer un plan de intervención para los factores de riesgo psicosocial y estrategias de promoción y prevención a fin de reducir los niveles de estrés laboral que se presentaron en el diagnóstico realizado a los empleados de una empresa del sector farmacéutico en la ciudad de BogotáEsta investigación tuvo como propósito proponer un plan de intervención para el manejo del riesgo psicosocial y estrés laboral en una Empresa del sector farmacéutico de acuerdo a la medición realizada por una Empresa asesora al aplicar la Batería de instrumentos para la evaluación de factores de riesgo psicosocial del Ministerio de la Protección Social. Se realizó un análisis de la información que arrojó como resultado una matriz de priorización sobre la cual se propuso el plan de intervención a partir de lo sugerido por el diagnóstico y las recomendaciones propuestas por el grupo investigador.
Desde lo sugerido del diagnóstico, se plantea la necesidad de diseñar el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, un plan de intervención y monitoreo a los cargos que puntuaron alto y el diseño del perfil de cargo para el caso de atención prioritaria (CAP) y otras recomendaciones.
Con lo anterior, se dio respuesta a los tres objetivos propuestos en esta investigación: plantear plan de intervención para manejo de riesgo psicosocial, diseñar plan de intervención y monitoreo de cargo al (CAP) y diseñar el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológic
Propuesta de intervención para riesgo psicosocial y estrés laboral encontrados en el diagnóstico 2017 en una empresa del sector farmacéutico
Proponer un plan de intervención para los factores de riesgo psicosocial y estrategias de promoción y prevención a fin de reducir los niveles de estrés laboral que se presentaron en el diagnóstico realizado a los empleados de una empresa del sector farmacéutico en la ciudad de BogotáEsta investigación tuvo como propósito proponer un plan de intervención para el manejo del riesgo psicosocial y estrés laboral en una Empresa del sector farmacéutico de acuerdo a la medición realizada por una Empresa asesora al aplicar la Batería de instrumentos para la evaluación de factores de riesgo psicosocial del Ministerio de la Protección Social. Se realizó un análisis de la información que arrojó como resultado una matriz de priorización sobre la cual se propuso el plan de intervención a partir de lo sugerido por el diagnóstico y las recomendaciones propuestas por el grupo investigador.
Desde lo sugerido del diagnóstico, se plantea la necesidad de diseñar el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, un plan de intervención y monitoreo a los cargos que puntuaron alto y el diseño del perfil de cargo para el caso de atención prioritaria (CAP) y otras recomendaciones.
Con lo anterior, se dio respuesta a los tres objetivos propuestos en esta investigación: plantear plan de intervención para manejo de riesgo psicosocial, diseñar plan de intervención y monitoreo de cargo al (CAP) y diseñar el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológic
Circulating levels of sclerostin are associated with cardiovascular mortality
Cardiovascular diseases are a health problem throughout the world, especially in people
with diabetes. The identification of cardiovascular disease biomarkers can improve risk
stratification. Sclerostin is a modulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in different
tissues, and it has recently been linked to vascular biology. The current study aimed to evaluate
the relationship between circulating sclerostin levels and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular
mortality in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. We followed up a
cohort of 130 participants (mean age 56.8 years; 48.5% females; 75 with type 2 diabetes;
46 with prevalent cardiovascular disease) in which serum sclerostin levels were measured
at the baseline. Time to death (both of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes) was
assessed to establish the relationship between sclerostin and mortality. We found that
serum sclerostin concentrations were significantly higher in patients with prevalent cardiovascular
disease (p<0.001), and independently associated with cardiovascular mortality
(p = 0.008), showing sclerostin to be a stronger predictor of mortality than other classical
risk factors (area under the curve = 0.849 vs 0.823). The survival analysis showed that an
increase of 10 pmol/L in the serum sclerostin level resulted in a 31% increase in cardiovascular
mortality. However, no significant association was observed between sclerostin levels
and non-cardiovascular mortality (p = 0.346).
From these results, we conclude that high sclerostin levels are related to mortality due to
cardiovascular causes. The clinical implication of these findings is based on the possible
use of serum sclerostin as a new biomarker of cardiovascular mortality risk in order to establish
preventive strategies.The authors declare that this work was
support in part by Consejería de Salud y Bienestar
Social (Junta de Andalucía) Grants (PI0207-2016
to Dr. Beatriz García-Fontana), and Fondo de
Investigación Sanitaria (Instituto de Salud Carlos
III) Grants (PI12/02141, PI15/01207 to Dr. Manuel Muñoz-Torres), with co-financing from FEDER. The
funders had no role in study design, data collection
and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of
the manuscript and there was no additional
external funding received for this study
Valores de referencia para leptina, cortisol, insulina y glucosa entre los adolescentes europeos y su asociación con adiposidad: Estudio Helena
Background and Objective: Adequate concentrations
of leptin, cortisol, and insulin are important for a suitable
metabolism and development during adolescence. These
hormones jointly with glucose play a major role in fat
metabolism and development of childhood obesity. Our
main objective was to quantify biomarkers as leptin, cortisol,
insulin and glucose status in European adolescents
to contribute to establish reference ranges.
Methods: A representative sample of 927 adolescents
(45% males, 14.9±1.2 years for the overall population)
from ten European cities of the HELENA study was used
to obtain fasting blood samples for these biomarkers. The
percentile distributions were computed by sex and age
and percentiles were associated with BMI classification.
Results: Serum leptin concentration in adolescents
varied significantly according to BMI, sex and age (all
p<0.001). Cortisol presented a tendency to increase with
age, both for females and males, while insulin and glucose
were stable with age. Leptin and insulin were highest
in obese adolescents (p<0.001), whilst cortisol and glucose
did not vary with BMI. Percentiles 5, 25, 50, 75 and 95, 26.70 and 65.33 ng/ml for leptin; 5.00, 8.11, 11.14, 15.00
and 24.51 μg/dl for cortisol and 3.65, 6.15, 8.52, 11.90 and
20.53 μlU/ml for insulin.
Conclusions: In adolescents, leptin, cortisol, insulin
and glucose concentrations are differently affected by
age, sex and BMI. Establishment of reference ranges
(percentiles) of these biomarkers would be of great interest
when pediatricians have to assess the trend of an
adolescent to develop obesity years after.Objetivo: Concentraciones adecuadas de leptina, cortisol
e insulina son importantes para un metabolismo normal
durante la adolescencia, puesto que valores alterados
de estas hormonas, junto con la glucosa, se asocian con el
desarrollo de la obesidad infantil. Nuestro principal objetivo
fue cuantificar estos marcadores en adolescentes
europeos con el fin de establecer rangos de referencia.
Métodos: Muestras de sangre procedentes de 927 adolescentes
en ayunas (14,9 ± 1,2 años, 45% varones, estudio
HELENA), fueron analizadas para cuantificar la
leptina, cortisol, insulina y glucosa. Las distribuciones de
percentiles se determinaron teniendo en cuenta el sexo y
la edad. También se estudió la asociación entre percentiles
y la clasificación del IMC.
Resultados: La concentración de leptina en suero variaba
significativamente con el IMC, el sexo y la edad
(todos p<0,001). El cortisol presentó una tendencia a aumentar
con la edad, tanto para varones como mujeres,
mientras que la insulina y la glucosa eran estables con
la edad. La leptina y la insulina fueron más altas en los
adolescentes obesos (p <0,001), mientras que el cortisol y
glucosa no variaron con el IMC. Los percentiles 5, 25, 50,
75 y 95, para los valores de hormonas fueron, respectivamente:
1.27, 4.06, 11.54, 26.70 y 65.33 ng/ml para la leptina;
5.00, 8.11, 11.14, 15.00 y 24.51 μg/dl para el cortisol y
3.65, 6.15, 8.52, 11.90 y 20.53 μlU/ml de insulina.The HELENA study has taken place with the financial
support of the European Community Sixth
RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOODCT-
2005-007034). This study was also supported by a
grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation
AGL2007-29784-E
Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study
Background: Previous research has shown that diet is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation among adults. However, no study has yet been conducted to explore the association between inflammatory potential of diet and low-grade systemic inflammation among adolescents whose dietary behavior may be different from adults.
Methods and Results: We examine the predictive ability of 24-h recall-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores on inflammation among 532 European adolescents in the HELENA cross-sectional study. The DII is a literature-derived dietary index developed to predict inflammation. The DII was calculated per 1000 calories and was tested against C-reactive protein, ILs-1,2,4,10, TNF-alpha, ICAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), and IFN-gamma. All inflammatory markers had nonnormal distributions and therefore were log transformed. Analyses were performed using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, city, BMI, smoking, and physical activity. Pro-inflammatory diet (higher DII scores) was associated with increased levels of various inflammatory markers: TNF-alpha, IL-1, 2, IFN-gamma, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (b(DIIt3vs1) = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.25; 0.13, 95% CI 0.001, 0.25; 0.40, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.77; 0.53, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.01; 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.13, respectively).
Conclusion: These results reinforce the fact that diet, as a whole, plays an important role in modifying inflammation in adolescents
Association of breakfast consumption with objectively measured and self-reported physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study
Objective To examine the association of breakfast consumption with objectively measured and self-reported physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness.
Design The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Cross-Sectional Study. Breakfast consumption was assessed by two non-consecutive 24 h recalls and by a ‘Food Choices and Preferences’ questionnaire. Physical activity, sedentary time and physical fitness components (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and speed/agility) were measured and self-reported. Socio-economic status was assessed by questionnaire.
Setting Ten European cities.
Subjects Adolescents (n 2148; aged 12·5–17·5 years).
Results Breakfast consumption was not associated with measured or self-reported physical activity. However, 24 h recall breakfast consumption was related to measured sedentary time in males and females; although results were not confirmed when using other methods to assess breakfast patterns or sedentary time. Breakfast consumption was not related to muscular fitness and speed/agility in males and females. However, male breakfast consumers had higher cardiorespiratory fitness compared with occasional breakfast consumers and breakfast skippers, while no differences were observed in females. Overall, results were consistent using different methods to assess breakfast consumption or cardiorespiratory fitness (all P ≤ 0·005). In addition, both male and female breakfast skippers (assessed by 24 h recall) were less likely to have high measured cardiorespiratory fitness compared with breakfast consumers (OR = 0·33; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·59 and OR = 0·56; 95 %CI 0·32, 0·98, respectively). Results persisted across methods.
Conclusions Skipping breakfast does not seem to be related to physical activity, sedentary time or muscular fitness and speed/agility as physical fitness components in European adolescents; yet it is associated with both measured and self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness, which extends previous findings.Sources of funding: The HELENA Study took place with the financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT: 2005-007034). This work was also partially supported by the European Union, in the framework of the Public Health Programme (ALPHA project, ref. 2006120); the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS); the Spanish Ministry of Education (grant nos. AP-2008-03806, RYC-2010-05957, RYC-2011-0901); the Spanish Ministry of Health, Maternal, Child Health and Development Network (grant no. RD08/0072 to L.A.M.); the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (grant no. CH/018/2008); and the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (grant no. 20090635)
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