Metagenomic analysis of an urban resistome before and after wastewater treatment

Determining the effect of wastewater treatment in water resistome is a topic of interest for water quality, mainly under re-use and One-Health perspectives. The resistome, the plasmidome, and the bacterial community composition of samples from influents and treated effluents from a wastewater treatment plant located in Northern Portugal were studied using metagenomic techniques. Wastewater treatment contributed to reduce the abundance of resistance genes and of plasmid replicons, coinciding with a decline in the number of intrinsic resistance genes from Enterobacteriaceae, as well as with a reduction in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria after treatment. These taxons comprise bacterial pathogens, including those belonging to the ESKAPE group, which encompasses bacteria with the highest risk of acquiring antibiotic resistance, being the most relevant hosts of resistance genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Our results support that wastewater treatment efficiently removes the hosts of antibiotic resistance genes and, consequently, the harboured antibiotic resistance genes. Principal component analysis indicates that the resistome and the bacterial composition clustered together in influent samples, while did not cluster in final effluent samples. Our results suggest that wastewater treatment mitigates the environmental dissemination of urban resistome, through the removal of the hosts harbouring mobile resistance genes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Analysis of the Implementation of the Standard Performance ABNT NBR 15.575/2013: A Case Study with Brazilian Constructors

The development of studies about the housing constructions developments came from the need to ratify the effectiveness of the construction systems to the detriment of the low quality of the final product related to civil construction, which was unfolded in the creation of ABNT NBR 15,575 / 2013 - Housing Constructions - Performance. However, its implementation is still a point of discussion among several companies in this field, besides there is a gap between the requirements and established criteria and the adequacy of the constructive practices. Thus, the present work aims to analyse, through a multiple case study, the process of implementation of the Standard Performance in Brazilian construction companies, focusing on the main difficulties of implementation. For that, semi-structured interviews were carried out in 5 constructors, being possible to identify the implementation process adopted by each company and its main difficulties of adequacy to the norm. Thus, it was possible to verify that although the standard performance is required, the increase in costs resulting from this requirement has delayed its implementation, being the main difficulty of adequacy. In addition, it was observed that although the implementation process of the regulations is incipient, any effort in its direction represents an improvement in the quality of the civil construction and, consequently, in the durability and useful life of the buildings

Selectivity of sodium pyrophosphate and unbuffered chlorides (CuCl2 and LaCl3) as extractants of aluminum bound to soil organic matter in soils of the sandy coastal plain in São Paulo state

O Al em complexos com matéria orgânica do solo é comumente determinado por técnicas de dissolução seletiva. Um extrator comum para essa forma do elemento é o pirofosfato de sódio. Devido à sua falta de seletividade para algumas amostras de solos, extratores não tamponados de Al, como CuCl2 e LaCl3, têm sido recomendados. A seletividade do pirofosfato de sódio (Al p) e dos cloretos não tamponados de cobre (AlCu) e de lantânio (AlLa) como extratores de Al ligado à matéria orgânica foi avaliada em 31 perfis de solos (Espodossolos e Neossolos Quartzarênicos), representativos das áreas sob vegetação de restinga do litoral paulista. Os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos com oxalato de amônio e KCl, seguindo-se as interpretações comumente observadas na literatura quanto à capacidade extratora e seletividade dos reagentes utilizados. Pirofosfato careceu de total seletividade para amostras que apresentaram formas inorgânicas de Al. Os reagentes CuCl2 e LaCl3, por sua vez, foram mais seletivos para as formas de Al orgânico nas mesmas amostras, cuja ordem de extractabilidade foi: Al p>AlCu>AlLa . As diferentes habilidades extratoras e as relações entre os reagentes utilizados possibilitaram convergir evidências analíticas a fim de analisar e interpretar algumas determinações, como saturação por Al no húmus e estabilidade das interações Corg-metal. Horizontes espódicos Bs, Bhs e Bsm detiveram a maior estabilidade da interação Corg-metal e saturação por Al no húmus entre todos os horizontes estudados. Dos resultados encontrados, conclui-se que todos os reagentes analisados podem ser utilizados como extratores de Al associado à matéria orgânica dos solos, uma vez que permitiram estabelecer relações e interpretações contundentes quanto ao entendimento da química dos complexos Al-húmus dos solos de restinga estudados. Esses extratores, portanto, são adequados e têm potencial para os estudos e entendimento dos processos envolvidos na gênese dos Espodossolos tropicais derivados de sedimentos quartzosos costeiros.Aluminum in complexes with soil organic matter is usually determined by selective extraction techniques. A common extractant for this Al form is sodium pyrophosphate. Due to its lack of selectivity for some soil samples, unbuffered Al extractants, such as CuCl2 and LaCl3, have been recommended. The selectivity of sodium pyrophosphate (Al p) and of unbuffered Cu (AlCu) and La (AlLa) chlorides to extract aluminum bound to soil organic matter (Al-humus) was evaluated in soil samples from 31 pedons (Spodosols and Quartzipsamments) representative of the sandy coastal plains of the state of São Paulo. The results were compared with those obtained by ammonium oxalate and KCl and the extraction capacity and selectivity of the reagents interpreted as commonly used in the literature. Pyrophosphate was not totally selective for some samples containing inorganic aluminum. CuCl2 and LaCl3, in turn, were more selective for Al-humus in the same samples and their order of extractability was: Al p>AlCu>AlLa . Based on the different extraction capacities and the relations between the reagents used the analytic evidences were converged in order to analyze and interpret parameters such as Al saturation in the soil organic matter and stability of C-metal interactions. The stability of the interaction C-metal and humus Al saturation of all horizons studied was greater in the Bs, Bhs and Bsm spodic horizons. Based on the results it was concluded that all reagents studied can be used as Al extractants since they allow establishing relations and interpretations that may help understanding the complex chemistry of Al-humus on the studied Restinga soil. These extractors are therefore adequate and promising to study and understand processes involved in the genesis of tropical Spodosols derived from sandy coastal plain sediments.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)FAPES

Obesity associated with coal ash inhalation triggers systemic inflammation and oxidative damage in the hippocampus of rats

People with large amounts of adipose tissue are more vulnerable and more likely to develop diseases where oxidative stress and inflammation play a pivotal role, than persons with a healthy weight. Atmospheric contamination is a reality to which a large part of the worldwide population is exposed. Half of today's global electrical energy is derived from coal. Each organism, in its complexity, responds in different ways to dietary compounds and air pollution. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity and coal ash inhalation within the parameters of oxidative damage and inflammation in different regions of the brain of rats. A diet containing high-fat concentration was administered chronically to rats, along with exposure to coal ash, simulating the contamination that occurs daily throughout human life. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was performed to identify the particles present in coal ash samples. Our results demonstrated that obese rats exposed to coal ash inhalation were more affected by oxidative damage with subsequent systemic inflammation in the hippocampus. Since there is an inflammatory predisposition caused by obesity, the inhalation of nanoparticles increases the levels of free radicals, resulting in systemic inflammation and oxidative damage, which can lead to chronic neurodegeneration

Flavonoids and Ellagitannins Characterization, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Phyllantus acuminatus Vahl.

The phenolic composition of leaves from Phyllanthus acuminatus L., a plant commonly used in Costa Rica as traditional medicine, was studied using UPLC-ESI-MS on an enriched phenolic extract. A total of 20 phenolic compounds were identified, comprising eight flavonoids (two flavanones—pinocembrin isomers and six derivatives from apigenin, chrysin, quercetin, and kaempferol); seven ellagitannins, two flavan-3-ols (prodelphinidin B dimer and (epi)gallocatechin); and three phenolic acids (ellagic acid, trimethylellagic acid, and ferulic acid). All of these compounds are reported for the first time in P. acuminatus, while previously reported in the genus Phyllanthus. Antioxidant evaluation was performed for P. acuminatus phenolic extract obtaining DPPH results with a remarkably low IC50 value of 0.15 µg/mL. Also, cytotoxicity on gastric AGS and colon SW20 adenocarcinoma cell lines was evaluated, and highly promising results were obtained, with IC50 values of 11.3 µg/mL and 10.5 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, selectivity index values obtained when comparing cytotoxicity on normal Vero cells was SI > 20 for both cancer cell lines, indicating a particularly high selectivity. Additionally, Justicidin B, a metabolite extensively studied for its antitumoral activity, was isolated from a non-polar extract of P. acuminatus, and comparatively evaluated for both bioactivities. The DPPH value obtained for Justicidin B was moderate (IC50 = 14.28 µg/mL), while cytotoxicity values for both AGS (IC50 = 19.5 µg/mL) and SW620 (IC50 = 24.8 µg/mL) cell lines, as well as selectivity when compared with normal Vero cells (SI = 5.4 and 4.2 respectively), was good, but lower than P. acuminatus extract. These preliminary results suggest that P. acuminatus enriched phenolic extract containing flavonoids, ellagitannins, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids, reported for the first time in this plant, could be of interest for further cancer cytotoxicity studies to elucidate structure–bioactivity relationships, and the molecular mechanisms and pathways.Consejo Nacional de Rectores/[Ref 115B0653]/CONARE/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaInstituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica/[]/TEC/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de QuímicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de MedicinaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Polyphenolic Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Malus domestica and Prunus domestica Cultivars from Costa Rica

The phenolic composition of skin and flesh from Malus domestica apples (Anna cultivar) and Prunus domestica plums (satsuma cultivar) commercial cultivars in Costa Rica, was studied using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) on enriched-phenolic extracts, with particular emphasis in proanthocyanidin and flavonoids characterization. A total of 52 compounds were identified, including 21 proanthocyanidins ([(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin]) flavan-3-ols monomers, five procyanidin B-type dimers and two procyanidin A-type dimers, five procyanidin B-type trimers and two procyanidin A-type trimers, as well as one procyanidin B-type tetramer, two procyanidin B-type pentamers, and two flavan-3-ol gallates); 15 flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin and naringenin derivatives); nine phenolic acids (protochatechuic, caffeoylquinic, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives); five hydroxychalcones (phloretin and 3-hydroxyphloretin derivatives); and two isoprenoid glycosides (vomifoliol derivatives). These findings constitute the first report of such a high number and diversity of compounds in skins of one single plum cultivar and of the presence of proanthocyanidin pentamers in apple skins. Also, it is the first time that such a large number of glycosylated flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are reported in skins and flesh of a single plum cultivar. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC) was measured with high values observed for all samples, especially for fruits skins with a TPC of 619.6 and 640.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract respectively for apple and plum. Antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods were evaluated, with results showing also high values for all samples, especially again for fruit skins with IC50 of 4.54 and 5.19 µg/mL (DPPH) and 16.8 and 14.6 mmol TE/g (ORAC) respectively for apple and plum, indicating the potential value of these extracts. Significant negative correlation was found for both apple and plum samples between TPC and DPPH antioxidant values, especially for plum fruits (R = −0.981, p < 0.05) as well as significant positive correlation between TPC and ORAC, also especially for plum fruits (R = 0.993, p < 0.05) and between both, DPPH and ORAC antioxidant methods (R = 0.994, p < 0.05).Universidad de Costa Rica/[115-B4-515]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de QuímicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de MedicinaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biologí

Bacterial community and antibiotic resistance dynamics in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant with UV disinfection

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relationship between soil, landscape and geological substrate of the sandy coastal plain of São Paulo state

Atributos morfológicos de 28 pedons, descritos e amostrados em cronossequências, e datações absolutas por luminescência (TL e LOE) e 14C foram utilizados para elucidar os principais fatores envolvidos na formação e evolução dos Espodossolos nos depósitos marinhos quaternários da planície costeira do Estado de São Paulo. Os solos estudados localizam-se nos municípios de Bertioga (Baixada Santista), Cananeia e Ilha Comprida (Litoral Sul). Essa abordagem, pouco comum nos estudos dos ambientes de planície costeira brasileiros, possibilitou as seguintes interpretações: (a) o relevo, a dinâmica hídrica e o tempo (incluindo as variações do nível relativo do mar) são os principais condicionantes da diferenciação espacial dos Espodossolos nos terraços marinhos; (b) os Espodossolos mais antigos e bem drenados, devido às condições de relevo e rebaixamento do nível do lençol freático, apresentam grande variabilidade e diversidade de seus horizontes e atributos morfológicos, diferindo daqueles mal drenados (antigos ou jovens), em que os horizontes são mais homogêneos; (c) os Espodossolos mais antigos, quando bem drenados, mostram-se em avançado estádio de degradação, enquanto os mal drenados encontram-se bem preservados, indicando que a sua gênese e permanência na paisagem estão ligadas ao relevo, que, por sua vez, controla a dinâmica hídrica; (d) os Espodossolos mais evoluídos e antigos, dotados de horizontes cimentados (orstein), podem ser considerados indicadores pedolitoestratigráficos dos depósitos marinhos pleistocênicos da Formação Cananeia; e (e) a gênese do horizonte orstein se deu em condições topográficas e hidrológicas pretéritas diferentes das atuais, indicando se tratar de solos poligenéticos ou paleossolos.This paper presents the results of morphological properties and absolute dating by luminescence and 14C of 28 pedons from Quaternary marine deposits located in three counties along the coast in São Paulo State, Brazil: Bertioga, Cananéia, and Ilha Comprida. The objective was to provide evidence to elucidate the main processes of the genesis of Spodosols. This approach, which is unusual in research concerned with Brazilian Quaternary coastal plains, resulted in the following interpretations: (a) relief, hydrologic conditions and time were the main soil formation factors responsible for the spatial differentiation of the Spodosols in marine terraces; (b) The horizon morphologic features of the most aged and well-drained Spodosols are highly variable and diverse. On the other hand, poorly drained Spodosols (old or young) are more homogeneous; (c) the oldest Spodosols, when well-drained, are in an advanced degradation stage while the poorly drained are well-preserved. This suggests that the genesis and permanence of the Spodosols on the landscape depend on the relief features controlling the hydrologic dynamics; (d) the most aged and developed Spodosols with orstein horizons can be considered lithostratigraphic indicators of marine deposits of the Pleistocene age in the Cananéia Formation; (e) the orstein horizon genesis took place under ancient topographic and hydrologic conditions that differ from the current. This indicates that such Spodosols are polygenetic or paleosols.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)FAPES

Bacterial lineages putatively associated with the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale urban wastewater treatment plant

Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. Wastewater treatment changes the bacterial community and inevitably impacts the fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Some bacterial groups are major carriers of ARGs and hence, their elimination during wastewater treatment may contribute to increasing resistance removal efficiency. This study, conducted at a full-scale UWTP, evaluated variations in the bacterial community and ARGs loads and explored possible associations among them. With that aim, the bacterial community composition (16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing) and ARGs abundance (real-time PCR) were characterized in samples of raw wastewater (RWW), secondary effluent (sTWW), after UV disinfection (tTWW), and after a period of 3 days storage to monitoring possible bacterial regrowth (tTWW-RE). Culturable enterobacteria were also enumerated. Secondary treatment was associated with the most dramatic bacterial community variations and coincided with reductions of ~2 log-units in the ARGs abundance. In contrast, no significant changes in the bacterial community composition and ARGs abundance were observed after UV disinfection of sTWW. Nevertheless, after UV treatment, viability losses were indicated ~2 log-units reductions of culturable enterobacteria. The analysed ARGs (qnrS, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-A, blaTEM, blaSHV, sul1, sul2, and intI1) were strongly correlated with taxa more abundant in RWW than in the other types of water, and which associated with humans and animals, such as members of the families Campylobacteraceae, Comamonadaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Moraxellaceae and Bacteroidaceae. Further knowledge of the dynamics of the bacterial community during wastewater treatment and its relationship with ARGs variations may contribute with information useful for wastewater treatment optimization, aiming at a more effective resistance control.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Monitoring stress level of Brazilian female basketball athletes during the preparation for the 2009 American Cup

Objetivos: 1) investigar a influência da periodização do treinamento de força sobre o perfil dos estados \ud de humor e resposta do cortisol salivar; e 2) verificar a ocorrência do “perfil iceberg” em atletas da seleção \ud brasileira de basquetebol feminino. Método: O estudo foi conduzido durante o período preparatório para a \ud Copa América 2009, que incluiu três microciclos de treinamento de força com objetivos distintos (resistência \ud muscular, força máxima e potência). As atletas forneceram amostras de saliva e, posteriormente, responderam \ud o questionário short-POMS no início e ao final de cada microciclo. Resultados: Após a ANOVA de medidas \ud repetidas, não foram observadas diferenças para os estados de humor e a concentração de cortisol durante \ud o período investigado. Conclusão: Os diferentes conteúdos do treinamento de força não afetaram os parâ-\ud metros investigados, indicando estabilidade do nível de estresse. O “perfil iceberg” foi verificado em todos \ud os momentos avaliadosObjectives: 1) investigate the influence of strength training periodization on profile of mood state (POMS) and\ud salivary cortisol responses and 2) to verify the occurrence of the “iceberg profile” in the Brazilian women basketball\ud team. Method: The study was conducted during the preparation period for the 2009 AMERICAN CUP, which included\ud three discrete microcycles of strength training goals (Muscular Endurance, Maximum Strength and Power).\ud The athletes provided saliva samples and subsequently answered the short-POMS questionnaire at baseline and\ud following each microcycle. Results: ANOVA with repeated measures revealed no significant differences for mood\ud state and cortisol responses during the observation period. Conclusion: The strength training periodization did not\ud affect the salivary cortisol or mood state response in the lead up to competition, indicating stability of the stress\ud level. The “iceberg profile” was observed at all times evaluate