The social neuroscience and the theory of integrative levels

Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 9 (2015): A054 This Document is Protected by copyright and was first published by Frontiers. All rights reserved. it is reproduced with permissionThe theory of integrative levels provides a general description of the evolution of matter through successive orders of complexity and integration. Along its development, material forms pass through different levels of organization, such as physical, chemical, biological or sociological. The appearance of novel structures and dynamics during this process of development of matter in complex systems has been called emergence. Social neuroscience (SN), an interdisciplinary field that aims to investigate the biological mechanisms that underlie social structures, processes, and behavior and the influences between social and biological levels of organization, has affirmed the necessity for including social context as an essential element to understand the human behavior. To do this, SN proposes a multilevel integrative approach by means of three principles: multiple determinism, nonadditive determinism and reciprocal determinism. These theoretical principles seem to share the basic tenets of the theory of integrative levels but, in this paper, we aim to reveal the differences among both doctrines. First, SN asserts that combination of neural and social variables can produce emergent phenomena that would not be predictable from a neuroscientific or social psychological analysis alone; SN also suggests that to achieve a complete understanding of social structures we should use an integrative analysis that encompasses levels of organization ranging from the genetic level to the social one; finally, SN establishes that there can be mutual influences between biological and social factors in determining behavior, accepting, therefore, a double influence, upward from biology to social level, and downward, from social level to biology. In contrast, following the theory of integrative levels, emergent phenomena are not produced by the combination of variables from two levels, but by the increment of complexity at one level. In addition, the social behavior and structures might be contemplated not as the result of mixing or summing social and biological influences, but as emergent phenomena that should be described with its own laws. Finally, following the integrative levels view, influences upward, from biology to social level, and downward, from social level to biology, might not be equivalent, since the bottom-up processes are emergent and the downward causation (DC) is notThis work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science (BFU2011-29089) to JMD-

How to encourage social entrepreneurship action? Using Web 2.0 technologies in higher education institutions

University students will be our future business leaders, and will have to address social problems caused by business by implementing solutions such as social entrepreneurship ventures. In order to facilitate the learning process that will foster social entrepreneurship, however, a more holistic pedagogy is needed. Based on learning theory, we propose that students’ social entrepreneurship actions will depend on their learning about CSR and their absorptive capacity. We propose that instructors and higher education institutions can enhance this absorptive capacity by exploiting Web 2.0 technologies. We tested our proposition with a sample of 425 university students using structural equation modeling and found support for the proposed relationships.This study was funded by the project from the Ministry of Economy, Industry y Competitivity ECO2017-88222-P, and by the Andalusian Government Project P11-SEJ-7988

Analysis of the rear leg rotation movement during the fencing lunge

The most relevant aulhois of fencing agree on the extension of the rear leg's knee from the on guard position, which is the ona thai provides ihe real speed to the lunge, and the extension of the arm only serves to drive the points towards the target. All the authors coincide thai it is important to keep the whole sole of the rear Foot supported on the Boor, keeping the same direction and without sliding it during the movernent, being the only one support that assures a really fast and balanced lunge, allowing the return to the on guard position or to continue towards ahead. Nevertheless, in a competition it may be observed that there are just a few fencers that keep the position of the feet in 90° angle during the lunge, as proposed in the fencing books. From this situation, we try to know if the rotation movement of the rear leg improve the speed of the Mass Centre and the weapon

Suppression of sweet taste-related responses by plant-derived bioactive compounds and eating. Part II: A systematic review in animals

This article, the second in a two-part series, continues the discussion on the nature of the relationship between the level of sweet taste suppression and eating behaviour, but in animal rather human subjects. In particular, the aim was to review the scientific literature on the impact that bioactive compounds that decrease oral sweet sensations have on intake, preference and physiological status in preclinical studies. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network and covered original papers included in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Food Science Source and Food Science and technology abstracts. We identified 28 peer-reviewed English-language studies that fit the topic and met the inclusion criteria. We identified three plant species, Gymnema sylvestre, Hovenia dulcis, and Ziziphus jujuba, that possess acute sweetness-inhibitory properties. When administered orally, these plants reduced neural responses to sweet stimuli and decreased consumption. However, studies on the longer-term effects of antisweet activity remain to be conducted. Translating the valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the relationship between sweet taste impairment and eating behaviour into practical clinical applications are discussed.Grant PID2021-129042OA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe”FPU Fellowship under Grant FPU20/02400 (Ministry of Universities, Spain)Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBU

Suppression of sweet taste-related responses by plant-derived bioactive compounds and eating. Part I: A systematic review in humans

This study was supported in part by Grant PID2021-129042OA-I00, which was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and "ERDF A way of making Europe" and by FPU Fellowship under Grant FPU20/02400 (Ministry of Universities, Spain) . Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA.The taste of food plays a crucial role in determining what and how much we eat. Thus, interventions that temporarily block sweet taste receptors offer a promising approach to addressing unhealthy behaviours associated with sugary foods. However, the relationship between reduced sweet taste response and food consumption remains unclear, with contradictory findings. Certain studies suggest that a diminished perception of sweetness leads to a sense of fullness and results in reduced food intake, while others suggest the opposite effect. To shed some light, our systematic review looked into the relationship between diminished sweet taste response and food consumption by examining the effects of bioactive compounds that experimentally inhibit sweetness in healthy individuals. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, and covered original papers included in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Food Science Source and Food Science and technology abstracts. We identified 33 peer-reviewed English-language studies that fit the topic and met the inclusion criteria. The current literature predominantly focuses on the immediate impact of oral gymnemic acids, failing to provide preliminary evidence in support of the specific threshold hypothesis, above which food consumption decreases and below which the opposite effect occurs. Additionally, there was inconsistency in the findings regarding the short-term desire to eat following sweetness inhibition. Considering the downstream effects on energy intake and their clinical applications, further research is needed to clarify both the acute within-session effects (i.e., not wanting any more now) and the longer-term effects (i.e., deciding not to start eating) linked to oral sweet-taste-suppressing compounds.MCIN/AEI PID2021-129042OA-I00ERDF A way of making EuropeMinistry of Universities, Spain FPU20/02400Universidad de Granada/CBU

Amidic derivatives of valproic acid, valpromide and valnoctamide, inhibit HSV-1 infection in oligodendrocytes

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous infectious agent that can establish latency in neurons, and in some cases, viral retrograde transport results in infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Several antivirals have been identified with the ability to inhibit HSV-1 replication in human cells to a greater or lesser degree, most of which are nucleoside analogues that unfortunately exhibit teratogenic potential, embryotoxicity, carcinogenic or antiproliferative activities and resistances in immunocompromised patients, specially. In the present study, we assessed two amidic derivatives of valproic acid (VPA) – valpromide (VPD) and valnoctamide (VCD) – which are already used in clinic treatments, as feasible HSV-1 antivirals in glial cells. Both VPD and VCD have exhibited increased efficacy in bipolar disorders and as anticonvulsant drugs compared to VPA, while being less teratogenic and hepatotoxic. Cytotoxicity assays carried out in our laboratory showed that VPD and VCD were not toxic in a human oligodendroglioma cell line (HOG), at least at the concentrations established for human treatments. Infectivity assays showed a significant inhibition of HSV-1 infection in HOG cells after VPD and VCD treatment, being more pronounced in VPD-treated cells, comparable to the effects obtained with acyclovir. Furthermore, the same antiherpetic effects of VPD were observed in other oligodendrocytic cell lines and rat primary oligodendrocytes (OPCs), confirming the results obtained in HOG cells. Altogether, our results allow us to propose VPD as a potential antiherpetic drug that is able to act directly on oligodendrocytes of the CNSFinancial support for the study was provided by the Fundación Severo Ochoa-Aeromédica Canaria and Ministerio de Ciencia, Investigación e Innovación, Spain (SAF2016-77575-R and RD16-0060- 0019

Unusual occurrences of fishes along the Northeast Atlantic: new biological and distributional data

The occurrences of 13 specimens belonging to 9 species of little known marine fishes in the Northeast Atlantic in 2017 and 2018 are reported. Information about the morphology and new findings of Decapterus tabl and Decapterus macarellus (Carangidae), Kyphosus vaigiensis (Kyphosidae), Remora osteochir (Echeneidae), Antigonia capros (Caproidae), Hyperoglyphe perciformis (Centrolophidae), Halobatrachus didactylus (Batrachoididae), Parapristipoma octolineatum (Haemulidae) and Zu cristatus (Trachypteridae) are reported in different locations, where they are categorized as unusual or rare. Morphometric and meristic parameters confirm the identification to species level of each specimen, also supported by DNA barcoding. Histological examination of reproductive tissue is carried out in four specimens to know the sex and their reproductive stage. All species are known from other areas of the Atlantic Ocean, but these findings are an important contribution to understanding their biology and distribution. These include a new northernmost record of Remora osteochir and Decapterus tabl in the eastern Atlantic and the first records of Antigonia capros, Hyperoglyphe perciformis, Halobatrachus didactylus and Parapristipoma octolineatum from Galician waters

Impacto de la globalización y la sociedad red en el perfil del gestor deportivo

En la actualidad los constantes cambios en el mundo laboral apuntan a nuevos sistemas de trabajo basados en los atributos, capacidades y competencias de cada trabajador, más que en la organización de las tareas. Se valora a los trabajadores por su capacidad de adaptación tecnológica y organizativa

Immunohistochemical characterization of tuberculous lesions in sheep naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis

© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.[EN] Background: Sheep have been traditionally considered as less susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis (Mbovis) infection than other domestic ruminants such as cattle and goats. However, there is increasing evidence for the role of this species as a domestic Mbovis reservoir, mostly when sheep share grazing fields with infected cattle and goats. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information about the pathogenesis and the immune response of Mbovis infection in sheep. The goals of this study were to characterize the granuloma stages produced by the natural infection of Mbovis in sheep, to compare them with other species and to identify possible differences in the sheep immune response. Samples from bronchial lymph nodes from twelve Mbovis-naturally infected sheep were used. Four immunohistochemical protocols for the specific detection of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were performed to study the local immune reaction within the granulomas. Results: Differences were observed in the predominant cell type present in each type of granuloma, as well as differences and similarities with the development of tuberculous granulomas in other species. Very low numbers of T-lymphocytes were observed in all granuloma types indicating that specific cellular immune response mediated by T-cells might not be of much importance in sheep in the early stages of infection, when macrophages are the predominant cell type within lesions. Plasma cells and mainly B lymphocytes increased considerably as the granuloma developed being attracted to the lesions in a shift towards a Th2 response against the increasing amounts of mycobacteria. Therefore, we have proposed that the granulomas could be defined as initial, developed and terminal. Conclusions: Results showed that the study of the lymphoid tissue granulomata reinforces the view that the three different types of granuloma represent stages of lesion progression and suggest an explanation to the higher resistance of sheep based on a higher effective innate immune response to control tuberculosis infection.SIThis paper was funded by a grant from INIA-RTA2014–00002-C02–01 (FEDER co-funded)

A Decision Support System for Water Optimization in Anti-Frost Techniques by Sprinklers

[EN] Precision agriculture is a growing sector that improves traditional agricultural processes through the use of new technologies. In southeast Spain, farmers are continuously fighting against harsh conditions caused by the effects of climate change. Among these problems, the great variability of temperatures (up to 20 degrees C in the same day) stands out. This causes the stone fruit trees to flower prematurely and the low winter temperatures freeze the flower causing the loss of the crop. Farmers use anti-freeze techniques to prevent crop loss and the most widely used techniques are those that use water irrigation as they are cheaper than other techniques. However, these techniques waste too much water and it is a scarce resource, especially in this area. In this article, we propose a novel intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system to optimize the use of water in these anti-frost techniques while minimizing crop loss. The intelligent component of the IoT system is designed using an approach based on a multivariate Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, designed to predict low temperatures. We compare the proposed approach of multivariate model with the univariate counterpart version to figure out which model obtains better accuracy to predict low temperatures. An accurate prediction of low temperatures would translate into significant water savings, as anti-frost techniques would not be activated without being necessary. Our experimental results show that the proposed multivariate LSTM approach improves the univariate counterpart version, obtaining an average quadratic error no greater than 0.65 degrees C and a coefficient of determination R2 greater than 0.97. The proposed system has been deployed and is currently operating in a real environment obtained satisfactory performance.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, under the Ramon y Cajal Program (Grant No. RYC2018-025580-I) and under grants RTI2018-096384-B-I00, RTC-2017-6389-5 and RTC2019-007159-5, by the Fundacion Seneca del Centro de Coordinacion de la Investigacion de la Region de Murcia under Project 20813/PI/18, and by the "Conselleria de Educacion, Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte, Direccio General de Ciencia i Investigacio, Proyectos AICO/2020", Spain, under Grant AICO/2020/302.Guillén-Navarro, MA.; Martínez-España, R.; Bueno-Crespo, A.; Morales-García, J.; Ayuso, B.; Cecilia-Canales, JM. (2020). A Decision Support System for Water Optimization in Anti-Frost Techniques by Sprinklers. Sensors. 20(24):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20247129S1152024Melgarejo-Moreno, J., López-Ortiz, M.-I., & Fernández-Aracil, P. (2019). 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A Top 10 List of Developments and Issues Impacting Crop Management and Ecology During the Past 50 Years. Crop Science, 46(5), 2253-2262. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.11.0416gasDutta, R., Morshed, A., Aryal, J., D’Este, C., & Das, A. (2014). Development of an intelligent environmental knowledge system for sustainable agricultural decision support. Environmental Modelling & Software, 52, 264-272. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.10.004Zhang, J., Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Ye, M., & Yang, J. (2018). Developing a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based model for predicting water table depth in agricultural areas. Journal of Hydrology, 561, 918-929. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.065Sahoo, S., Russo, T. A., Elliott, J., & Foster, I. (2017). Machine learning algorithms for modeling groundwater level changes in agricultural regions of the U.S. Water Resources Research, 53(5), 3878-3895. doi:10.1002/2016wr019933Coopersmith, E. J., Minsker, B. S., Wenzel, C. E., & Gilmore, B. J. (2014). Machine learning assessments of soil drying for agricultural planning. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 104, 93-104. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2014.04.004Mohammadi, K., Shamshirband, S., Motamedi, S., Petković, D., Hashim, R., & Gocic, M. (2015). Extreme learning machine based prediction of daily dew point temperature. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 117, 214-225. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2015.08.008Feng, Y., Peng, Y., Cui, N., Gong, D., & Zhang, K. (2017). Modeling reference evapotranspiration using extreme learning machine and generalized regression neural network only with temperature data. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 136, 71-78. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2017.01.027Jin, X.-B., Yu, X.-H., Wang, X.-Y., Bai, Y.-T., Su, T.-L., & Kong, J.-L. (2020). Deep Learning Predictor for Sustainable Precision Agriculture Based on Internet of Things System. Sustainability, 12(4), 1433. doi:10.3390/su12041433Castañeda-Miranda, A., & Castaño-Meneses, V. M. (2020). Internet of things for smart farming and frost intelligent control in greenhouses. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 176, 105614. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2020.105614Tzounis, A., Katsoulas, N., Bartzanas, T., & Kittas, C. (2017). Internet of Things in agriculture, recent advances and future challenges. Biosystems Engineering, 164, 31-48. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.007Shi, X., An, X., Zhao, Q., Liu, H., Xia, L., Sun, X., & Guo, Y. (2019). State-of-the-Art Internet of Things in Protected Agriculture. Sensors, 19(8), 1833. doi:10.3390/s19081833Jawad, H., Nordin, R., Gharghan, S., Jawad, A., & Ismail, M. (2017). Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture: A Review. Sensors, 17(8), 1781. doi:10.3390/s17081781Guillén‐Navarro, M. A., Martínez‐España, R., López, B., & Cecilia, J. M. (2019). A high‐performance IoT solution to reduce frost damages in stone fruits. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 33(2). doi:10.1002/cpe.5299Guillén, M. A., Llanes, A., Imbernón, B., Martínez-España, R., Bueno-Crespo, A., Cano, J.-C., & Cecilia, J. M. (2020). Performance evaluation of edge-computing platforms for the prediction of low temperatures in agriculture using deep learning. The Journal of Supercomputing, 77(1), 818-840. doi:10.1007/s11227-020-03288-