Behavioural Indicators of Intra- and Inter-Specific Competition: Sheep Co-Grazing with Guanaco in the Patagonian Steppe

In extensive livestock production, high densities may inhibit regulation processes, main- taining high levels of intraspecific competition over time. During competition, individuals typically modify their behaviours, particularly feeding and bite rates, which can therefore be used as indicators of competition. Over eight consecutive seasons, we investigated if variation in herd density, food availability, and the presence of a potential competitor, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), was related with behavioural changes in domestic sheep in Chilean Patagonia. Focal sampling, instantaneous scan sampling, measures of bite and movement rates were used to quantify behavioural changes in domestic sheep. We found that food availability increased time spent feeding, while herd density was associated with an increase in vigilant behaviour and a decrease in bite rate, but only when food availability was low. Guanaco presence appeared to have no impact on sheep behaviour. Our results suggest that the observed behavioural changes in domestic sheep are more likely due to intraspecific competition rather than interspecific competition. Consideration of intraspecific competition where guanaco and sheep co-graze on pastures could allow management strategies to focus on herd density, according to rangeland carrying capacity

Relación entre capacidades físicas, Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y la discriminación dentro de la clase de educación física en alumnos de 10 y 11 años, en cuatro colegios de Chillan, Chile

Objetivo: verificar relación entre IMC, capacidades físicas y discriminación en clase de Educación Física, alumnos entre 10 a 11 años, 4 colegios de Chillán, Chile. Metodología: medir flexibilidad, velocidad y resistencia; calcular IMC; posteriormente contestar cuestionario de auto percepción frente a sus pares en relación a discriminación en clases de Educación Física. Población: 178 sujetos; muestra: 44 indicaron discriminación. Resultados: IMC: 72,6 por ciento de la muestra, que sienten discriminación, no presentan niveles de obesidad. Velocidad: 47,7 por ciento sujetos discriminados se encuentran sobre el promedio; demuestra que la velocidad es un factor que influye en la discriminación debido a que menos de la mitad de los alumnos discriminados se encuentran sobre el nivel de aprobación. Resistencia: 75 por ciento superior y 25 por ciento bajo el promedio lo que demuestra que la resistencia no es un factor determinante en la discriminación. Flexibilidad: 11 por ciento de los sujetos bajo el promedio y un 89 por ciento sobre el nivel de aprobación; se indica que la flexibilidad no es un factor determinarte en la discriminación. Los resultados indicaron que la relación de IMC y las capacidades físicas, en base a la discriminación en la clase de Educación Física, existe relación entre ambas, pero con resultados diferentes, ya que el índice de masa corporal en sujetos que presentan el rango de bajo peso y son discriminados, tienen mejor capacidad física que en alumnos de rango normal, riesgo de obesidad y obesida

Behavioural Indicators of Intra- and Inter-Specific Competition: Sheep Co-Grazing with Guanaco in the Patagonian Steppe

From MDPI via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: accepted 2021-11-17, pub-electronic 2021-11-22Publication status: PublishedFunder: Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Grant(s): FONDECYT 1171039In extensive livestock production, high densities may inhibit regulation processes, maintaining high levels of intraspecific competition over time. During competition, individuals typically modify their behaviours, particularly feeding and bite rates, which can therefore be used as indicators of competition. Over eight consecutive seasons, we investigated if variation in herd density, food availability, and the presence of a potential competitor, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), was related with behavioural changes in domestic sheep in Chilean Patagonia. Focal sampling, instantaneous scan sampling, measures of bite and movement rates were used to quantify behavioural changes in domestic sheep. We found that food availability increased time spent feeding, while herd density was associated with an increase in vigilant behaviour and a decrease in bite rate, but only when food availability was low. Guanaco presence appeared to have no impact on sheep behaviour. Our results suggest that the observed behavioural changes in domestic sheep are more likely due to intraspecific competition rather than interspecific competition. Consideration of intraspecific competition where guanaco and sheep co-graze on pastures could allow management strategies to focus on herd density, according to rangeland carrying capacity

Relacion entre capacidades físicas, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la discriminación dentro de la clase de Educación Física en alumnos de 10 y 11 años, en cuatro colegios de Chillan, Chile

Objetivo: verificar relación entre IMC, capacidades físicas y discriminación en clase de Educación Física, alumnos entre 10 a 11 años, 4 colegios de Chillán, Chile. Metodología: medir flexibilidad, velocidad y resistencia; calcular IMC; posteriormente contestar cuestionario de auto percepción frente a sus pares en relación a discriminación en clases de Educación Física. Población: 178 sujetos; muestra: 44 indicaron discriminación. Resultados: IMC: 72,6% de la muestra, que sienten discriminación, no presentan niveles de obesidad. Velocidad: 47,7% sujetos discriminados se encuentran sobre el promedio; demuestra que la velocidad es un factor que influye en la discriminación debido a que menos de la mitad de los alumnos discriminados se encuentran sobre el nivel de aprobación. Resistencia: 75% superior y 25% bajo el promedio lo que demuestra que la resistencia no es un factor determinante en la discriminación. Flexibilidad: 11% de los sujetos bajo el promedio y un 89 % sobre el nivel de aprobación; se indica que la flexibilidad no es un factor determinarte en la discriminación. Los resultados indicaron que la relación de IMC y las capacidades físicas, en base a la discriminación en la clase de Educación Física, existe relación entre ambas, pero con resultados diferentes, ya que el índice de masa corporal en sujetos que presentan el rango de bajo peso y son discriminados, tienen mejor capacidad física que en alumnos de rango normal, riesgo de obesidad y obesidad.Eje 5: Las prácticas de la Educación Física vinculadas con la integración e inclusión social. Mesa de Trabajo G: Representaciones sociales.Departamento de Educación Físic

Relacion entre capacidades físicas, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la discriminación dentro de la clase de Educación Física en alumnos de 10 y 11 años, en cuatro colegios de Chillan, Chile

Objetivo: verificar relación entre IMC, capacidades físicas y discriminación en clase de Educación Física, alumnos entre 10 a 11 años, 4 colegios de Chillán, Chile. Metodología: medir flexibilidad, velocidad y resistencia; calcular IMC; posteriormente contestar cuestionario de auto percepción frente a sus pares en relación a discriminación en clases de Educación Física. Población: 178 sujetos; muestra: 44 indicaron discriminación. Resultados: IMC: 72,6% de la muestra, que sienten discriminación, no presentan niveles de obesidad. Velocidad: 47,7% sujetos discriminados se encuentran sobre el promedio; demuestra que la velocidad es un factor que influye en la discriminación debido a que menos de la mitad de los alumnos discriminados se encuentran sobre el nivel de aprobación. Resistencia: 75% superior y 25% bajo el promedio lo que demuestra que la resistencia no es un factor determinante en la discriminación. Flexibilidad: 11% de los sujetos bajo el promedio y un 89 % sobre el nivel de aprobación; se indica que la flexibilidad no es un factor determinarte en la discriminación. Los resultados indicaron que la relación de IMC y las capacidades físicas, en base a la discriminación en la clase de Educación Física, existe relación entre ambas, pero con resultados diferentes, ya que el índice de masa corporal en sujetos que presentan el rango de bajo peso y son discriminados, tienen mejor capacidad física que en alumnos de rango normal, riesgo de obesidad y obesidad.Eje 5: Las prácticas de la Educación Física vinculadas con la integración e inclusión social. Mesa de Trabajo G: Representaciones sociales.Departamento de Educación Físic

UBVRIz Light Curves of 51 Type II Supernovae

We present a compilation of UBV RIz light curves of 51 type II supernovae discovered during the course of four different surveys during 1986 to 2003: the Cerro Tololo Supernova Survey, the Calan/Tololo Supernova Program (C&T), the Supernova Optical and Infrared Survey (SOIRS), and the Carnegie Type II Supernova Survey (CATS). The photometry is based on template-subtracted images to eliminate any potential host galaxy light contamination, and calibrated from foreground stars. This work presents these photometric data, studies the color evolution using different bands, and explores the relation between the magnitude at maximum brightness and the brightness decline parameter (s) from maximum light through the end of the recombination phase. This parameter is found to be shallower for redder bands and appears to have the best correlation in the B band. In addition, it also correlates with the plateau duration, being thus shorter (longer) for larger (smaller) s values.Comment: 110 pages, 9 Figures, 6 Tables, accepted in A

Reconciling livestock production and wild herbivore conservation: challenges and opportunities

Increasing food security and preventing further loss of biodiversity are two of humanity’s most pressing challenges. Yet, efforts to address these challenges often lead to situations of conflict between the interests of agricultural production and those of biodiversity conservation. Here, we focus on conflicts between livestock production and the conservation of wild herbivores, which have received little attention in the scientific literature. We identify four key socio-ecological challenges underlying such conflicts, which we illustrate using a range of case studies. We argue that addressing these challenges will require the implementation of co-management approaches that promote the participation of relevant stakeholders in processes of ecological monitoring, impact assessment, decision-making, and active knowledge sharing

Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation

Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-18 : a geospatial modelling study

Background More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels.Methods We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km x 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2.1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution.Findings Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205000 (95% uncertainty interval 147000-257000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution.Interpretation Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe